Abstract
Teratosphaeria destructans is one of the most aggressive foliar pathogens of Eucalyptus. The biological factors underpinning T. destructans infections, which include shoot and leaf blight on young trees, have never been interrogated. Thus, the means by which the pathogen modifies its host environment to overcome host defences remain unknown. By applying transcriptome sequencing, the aim of this study was to compare gene expression in a South African isolate of T. destructans grown on nitrogen-deficient and complete media. This made it possible to identify upregulated genes in a nitrogen-starved environment, often linked to the pathogenicity of the fungus. The results support the hypothesis that nitrogen starvation in T. destructans likely mirrors an in planta genetic response. This is because 45% of genes that were highly upregulated under nitrogen starvation have previously been reported to be associated with infection in other pathogen systems. These included several CAZymes, fungal effector proteins, peptidases, kinases, toxins, lipases and proteins associated with detoxification of toxic compounds. Twenty-five secondary metabolites were identified and expressed in both nitrogen-deficient and complete conditions. Additionally, the most highly expressed genes in both growth conditions had pathogenicity-related functions. This study highlights the large number of expressed genes associated with pathogenicity and overcoming plant defences. As such, the generated baseline knowledge regarding pathogenicity and aggressiveness in T. destructans is a valuable reference for future in planta work.
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Data availability
Datasets generated during the current study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files. Raw expression data set are available on request from the first author. The untrimmed RNA-seq reads and assembled transcriptomes generated in this study are available on the NCBI SRA database under the BioProject: PRJNA732267 and accession numbers: GJGZ00000000 (Ndef), GJGT00000000 (Comp) and GJGY00000000 (CMW44962). An annotated genome, including predicted proteins identified in this study is available on GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) under the accession number: RIBY02000000.
Code availability
All codes used in this study are open source and available via the relevant references. No customs scripts were used.
Change history
17 October 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-021-01216-w
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF) (Grant Number: 11824), the Department of Science and Technology (DST)—NRF Centre of Excellence in Plant Health Biotechnology (CPHB), the Tree Protection Co-operative program (TPCP), the SARChI chair in Fungal Genomics (Grant number: 98353) and a University of Pretoria (UP) Doctoral Research Bursary for financial support.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF) (Grant Number: 11824); the Department of Science and Technology (DST)—NRF Centre of Excellence in Plant Health Biotechnology (CPHB); the Tree Protection Co-operative program (TPCP); the SARChI chair in Fungal Genomics (Grant number: 98353) and a University of Pretoria (UP) Doctoral Research Bursary.
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Conceptualization: MH, JA, BDW, MJW, LLD, FR; methodology: MH, JA; formal analysis and investigation: MH; writing—original draft preparation: MH; writing—review and editing: MH, JA, BDW, MJW, LLD, FR; Funding acquisition: BDW, MJW; Resources: BDW, MJW; Supervision: JA, BDW, MJW, LLD, FR.
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Havenga, M., Wingfield, B.D., Wingfield, M.J. et al. Genetic response to nitrogen starvation in the aggressive Eucalyptus foliar pathogen Teratosphaeria destructans. Curr Genet 67, 981–990 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-021-01208-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-021-01208-w