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Massenspektrometrie – Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in der Pathologie

Mass spectrometry—applications in pathology

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Um Patienten die optimale Therapie anbieten zu können, sind heutzutage immer präzisere Diagnosen notwendig. Daher wird das oft nur in geringen Mengen vorliegende Probenmaterial mit immer aufwendigeren, insbesondere genomischen Methoden untersucht. Da die Genomik aber nur eine unvollständige Abbildung der Dynamik des menschlichen Organismus bietet, liegt eine Lösung in der Verwendung proteomischer Methoden, d. h. der Analyse des Proteinäquivalents des Genoms.

Ziel der Arbeit

Beurteilung verschiedener proteomischer Methoden für die Untersuchung von Körperflüssigkeiten und Gewebe im Hinblick auf den Einsatz in der Diagnostik.

Material und Methoden

In allen vorgestellten Studien werden massenspektrometrische Analysen für die Subtypisierung verschiedener Patientenkollektive mit unterschiedlichen Erkrankungen verwendet.

Ergebnisse

Während sich die klassischen proteinchemischen Methoden insbesondere für die Analyse von Körperflüssigkeiten, wie z. B. Serum in der Diagnostik der chronischen Hepatitis C oder des Harnblasenkarzinoms, eignen, sind diese in Bezug auf Gewebe kritischer zu betrachten. Denn für diese Analyse werden die Zellen aus dem Gewebeverband herausgelöst und lysiert, sodass die Informationen der Histologie verloren gehen. Daher eignet sich für die Gewebeanalyse die bildgebende Massenspektrometrie, die einen intakten Gewebeschnitt nutzt. Der Einsatz dieser Methode und der mögliche Nutzen auch für die pathologische Diagnostik konnte am Beispiel verschiedener Tumorerkrankungen (Prostatakarzinom, Hodgkin-Lymphom, Zervixkarzinom und verschiedener Adenokarzinome) gezeigt werden.

Diskussion

Massenspektrometrische Analyseverfahren erlauben eine diagnostische Zuordnung mit hoher Sensitivität und Spezifität. Im Vergleich zu Verfahren der konventionellen histologischen Diagnostik sind diese schneller, bieten eine vergleichbare Genauigkeit und benötigen weniger Material.

Abstract

Background

Currently, more complex and extensive diagnostic pathology work-up of sometimes only limited sample material is necessary to ensure optimal patient treatment. This often includes genomic analyses. However, dynamic changes within an organism or tumor can be better reflected at the protein level. Therefore, proteomic technologies would seem to be the solution.

Objectives

To evaluate the application of different proteomic techniques to analyze body fluids and tissue samples with regards to implementation in diagnostics.

Materials and Methods

All studies utilized mass spectrometry-based methods in order to achieve differentiation of a number of different patient groups in various diseases.

Results

Whereas classical proteomic methods are particularly suitable for analyzing serum samples in order to diagnose bladder cancer or chronic hepatitis C, tissue analyses would require prior tissue lyses, thus erasing possible information to be obtained from histology. Imaging mass spectrometry offers a solution as it allows for the analysis of an intact tissue section. Possible applications and the added benefit of this method could be shown using various examples of tumors (prostate cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, cervical cancer, and different types of adenocarcinomas).

Conclusions

Mass spectrometry-based technologies allow diagnostic confirmation with high sensitivity and specificity. In comparison to routine diagnostic approaches, results can be achieved faster, using less sample material, and with comparable accuracy.

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Für diesen Beitrag wurden vom Autor keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

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Schwamborn, K. Massenspektrometrie – Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in der Pathologie. Pathologe 40 (Suppl 3), 277–281 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00292-019-00692-9

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