Skip to main content
Log in

The dynamic replica placement problem with service levels in content delivery networks: a model and a simulated annealing heuristic

  • Regular Article
  • Published:
OR Spectrum Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Dynamically assigning copies (replicas) of internet files to regionally placed servers is a crucial planning problem for content delivery network providers. Their goal is to minimize placement, storage and delivery costs while fulfilling service-level agreements. Although there is considerable work on simplified versions of this problem such as the static case, the dynamic problem with all three cost types and service-level constraints has yet not been considered in the literature. This paper provides a mixed integer programming (MIP) formulation for the problem as well as a simulated annealing metaheuristic. A computational study is employed to assess the simulated annealing heuristic and the MIP employing a state-of-the-art solver.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aarts E, Korst J,Wil M (2005) Simulated annealing. In Burke EK, Kendall G (eds) Search methodologies. Springer, New York

  • Aggarwal A, Rabinovich M (1998) Performance of dynamic replication schemes for an internet hosting service. In: Technical report, AT &T Labs. http://www.research.att.com/~misha/radar/tm-perf.ps.gz

  • Ahrens J (1977) A code for the transportation problem. In: Technical report, Universität Kiel, Kiel

  • Aikens CH (1985) Facility location models for distribution planning. Eur J Oper Res 22(3):263–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aioffi WM, Mateus GR, Almeida JM, Melo RC (2004) Dynamic content placement for mobile content distribution networks. In: Chi C-H , van Steen M, Wills C (eds) Web content caching and distribution, vol 3293. Lecture notes in computer science. Springer, Berlin, pp 19–33

  • Akamai Technologies Inc. (2010) http://wwwnui.akamai.com/datavis/visitors_feed.xml. Accessed 4 February 2010

  • Baentsch M, Baum L, Molter G, Rothkugel S, Sturm P (1997) Enhancing the web’s infrastructure: from caching to replication. IEEE Internet Comput 1(2):18–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartolini N, Presti F, Petrioli C (2003) Optimal dynamic replica placement in content delivery networks. In: The 11th IEEE international conference on networks, ICON 2003, pp 125–130

  • Chen Y, Katz R, Kubiatowicz J (2002) Dynamic replica placement for scalable content delivery. In: Druschel P, Kaashoek F, Rowstron A (eds) Peer-to-peer systems, vol 2429. Lecture notes in computer science. Springer, New York, pp 306–318

  • Chen Y, Qiu L, Chen W, Nguyen L, Katz R (2003) Efficient and adaptive web replication using content clustering. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 21(6):979–994

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu W (1969) Optimal file allocation in a multiple computer system. IEEE Trans Comput C-18(10):885–889

    Google Scholar 

  • Cidon I, Kutten S, Soffer R (2002) Optimal allocation of electronic content. Comput Netw 40(2):205–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Reyck B, Herroelen W (1996) On the use of the complexity index as a measure of complexity in activity networks. Eur J Oper Res 91(2):347–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dilley J, Maggs B, Parikh J, Prokop H, Sitaraman R, Weihl B (2002) Globally distributed content delivery. IEEE Internet Comput 6(5):50–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowdy LW, Foster DV (1982) Comparative models of the file assignment problem. ACM Comput Surv 14(2):287–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank A, Wittie L, Bernstein A (1985) Multicast communication on network computers. IEEE Softw 2(3):49–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson D, Jacobson S, Johnson A (2003) The theory and practice of simulated annealing. In: Glover F, Kochenberger G (eds) Handbook of metaheuristics (international series in operations research and management science). Springer, New York

  • Jamin S, Jin C, Jin Y, Raz D, Shavitt Y, Zhang L (2000) On the placement of internet instrumentation. In: 19th annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies, INFOCOM 2000. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol 1, pp 295–304

  • Jamin S, Jin C, Kurc A, Raz D, Shavitt Y (2001) Constrained mirror placement on the internet. In: 20th annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies, INFOCOM 2001. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol 1, pp 31–40

  • Jeon WJ, Gupta I, Nahrstedt K (2006) Mmc01-6: Qos-aware object replication in overlay networks. In: Global telecommunications conference, GLOBECOM ’06. IEEE, pp 1–5

  • Jia X, Li D, Hu X, Wu W, Du D (2003) Placement of web-server proxies with consideration of read and update operations on the internet. Comput J 46(4):378–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalpakis K, Dasgupta K, Wolfson O (2001) Optimal placement of replicas in trees with read, write, and storage costs. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 12(6):628–637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kangasharju J, Roberts J, Ross KW (2002) Object replication strategies in content distribution networks. Comput Commun 25(4):376–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson M, Karamanolis C (2003) Bounds on the replication cost for QoS. In: Technical report, Hewlett Packard Labs, USA

  • Karlsson M, Karamanolis C (2004) Choosing replica placement heuristics for wide-area systems. In: Proceedings of the 24th international conference on distributed computing systems, pp 350–359

  • Karlsson M, Mahalingam M (2002) Do we need replica placement algorithms in content delivery networks. In: 7th international workshop on web content caching and distribution (WCW)

  • Karp R (1972) Reducibility among combinatorial problems. In: Miller R, Thatcher J (eds) Complexity of computer computations. Plenum Press, London

  • Kirkpatrick S, Gelatt C, Vecchi M (1983) Optimization by simulated annealing. Science 220:671–680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korupolu MR, Plaxton CG, Rajaraman R (2001) Placement algorithms for hierarchical cooperative caching. J Algorithms 38(1):260–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kou L, Markowsky G, Berman L (1981) A fast algorithm for steiner trees. Acta Informatica 15(2):141–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krarup J, Pruzan PM (1983) The simple plant location problem: survey and synthesis. Eur J Oper Res 12(1):36–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnan P, Raz D, Shavitt Y (2000) The cache location problem. IEEE/ACM Trans Netw 8(5):568–582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li B, Golin M, Italiano G, Deng X, Sohraby K (1999) On the optimal placement of web proxies in the internet. In: 18th annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies, INFOCOM ’99. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol 3, pp 1282–1290

  • Medina A, Lakhina A, Matta I, Byers J (2001) Brite: universal topology generation from a user’s perspective. In: Technical report, Boston University, Boston

  • Nguyen TV, Safaei F, Boustead P, Tung C (2005) Provisioning overlay distribution networks. Comput Netw 49(1):103–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira CA, Pardalos PM, Resende MG (2006) Optimization problems in multicast tree construction. In: Resende MG, Pardalos PM (eds) Handbook of optimization in telecommunications. Springer, New York

  • Oliveira CAS, Pardalos PM (2005) A survey of combinatorial optimization problems in multicast routing. Comput Oper Res 32(8):1953–1981

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pallis G, Vakali A (2006) Insight and perspectives for content delivery networks. Commun ACM 49(1):101–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pathan M, Buyya R, Vakali A (2008) Content delivery networks: state of the art, insights, and imperatives. In: Buyya R, Pathan M, Vakali A (eds) Content delivery networks. Springer, New York, pp 3–32

  • Paul S (1998) Multicasting on the internet and its applications. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell

  • Qiu L, Padmanabhan V, Voelker G (2001) On the placement of web server replicas. In: 20th annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies, INFOCOM 2001. Proceedings of the IEEE, vol 3, pp 1587–1596

  • Rabinovich M, Spatschek O (2002) Web caching and replication. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co. Inc., Boston

  • Radoslavov P, Govindan R, Estrin D (2002) Topology-informed internet replica placement. Comput Commun 25(4):384–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahul HS, Kasbekar M, Sitaraman RK, Berger AW (2008) Performance and availability benefits of global overlay routing. In: Buyya R, Pathan M, Vakali A (eds) Content delivery networks. Springer, New York, pp 251–274

  • Shi S, Turner J (2002) Placing servers in overlay networks. In: Symposium on performance evaluation of computer and telecommunication systems (SPETS)

  • Tang X, Xu J (2005) QoS-aware replica placement for content distribution. IEEE Trans Parallel Distrib Syst 16(10):921–932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unger O, Cidon I (2004) Optimal content location in multicast based overlay networks with content updates. World Wide Web 7(3):315–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vakali A, Pallis G (2003) Content delivery networks: status and trends. IEEE Internet Comput 7(6):68–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verma DC (2002) Content distribution networks: an engineering approach. John Wiley , New York

  • Voss S (1990) Steiner-Probleme in Graphen. Anton Hain, Germany

  • Voss S (2006) Steiner tree problems in telecommunications. In: Resende MG, Pardalos PM (eds) Handbook of optimization in telecommunications. Springer, New York, pp 459–492

  • Waxman B (1988) Routing of multipoint connections. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 6(9):1617–1622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmann R, Zitterbart M (1999) Multicast communication: protocols and applications. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., Burlington

  • Wolfson O, Milo A (1991) The multicast policy and its relationship to replicated data placement. ACM Trans Database Syst 16(1):181–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu J, Li B, Lee DL (2002) Placement problems for transparent data replication proxy services. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 20(7):1383–1398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Wang W, Tan X, Zhu Y (2003) Data replication at web proxies in content distribution network. In: Zhou X, Orlowska ME, Zhang Y (eds) Web technologies and applications, vol 2642. Lecture notes in computer science. Springer, New York, pp 560–569

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rainer Kolisch.

Appendices

Appendix A: Notation

See Table 3

Table 3 Notation for the DRPSL

Appendix B: Pseudocodes

figure a
figure b
figure c

Appendix C: Test instances

See Table 4

Table 4 Test instances (base case \(i5\))

Appendix D: Computational results

See Table 5

Table 5 Solution gaps \(\Delta \) for CPLEX (60 s), CPLEX (600 s), CPLEX (3,600 s) and SA

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kolisch, R., Dahlmann, A. The dynamic replica placement problem with service levels in content delivery networks: a model and a simulated annealing heuristic. OR Spectrum 37, 217–242 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00291-013-0358-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00291-013-0358-z

Keywords

Navigation