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Enrichment of circulating myeloma cells by immunomagnetic beads combined with flow cytometry for monitoring minimal residual disease and relapse in patients with multiple myeloma

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Abstract

Difficulty in regularly analyzing marrow myeloma cells (MMCs) and low frequency of circulating myeloma cells (CMCs) in blood presents challenges for monitoring minimal residual disease (MRD) in multiple myeloma (MM). We have developed a set of method for enrichment of CMCs by immunomagetic beads (IMB) combined with flow cytometry (IMB-FCM) based on CD38-APC/CD138-APC antibodies in U266-spiked samples and in 122 patient samples. U266 cell capture efficiency of CD38/CD138-IMB-FCM (6.960, 2.574) was 6- and 2-fold higher than that of FCM (1.032), and the sensitivity of FCM and IMB-FCM was 0.01% and 0.001%, respectively. In MM cohort, the positive rate of CMCs by IMB-FCM increased from 60.5~70.0 to 85~87.2% in newly diagnosed/relapsed and partial remission (PR) patients compared with by FCM (P < 0.05). Two complete remission (CR) patients contain certain amounts of CMCs by IMB-FCM while no CMCs and MMCs were detectable by FCM. Patients exhibiting PR and CR upon therapy had much lower CMC and MMC counts than newly diagnosed/relapsed patients (P < 0.005). Based on MRD measurement in BM and PB samples, all FCM-negative BM samples were also paired with FCM/IMB-FCM-negative PB samples among newly diagnosed, relapsed, and PR patients, and FCM-positive BM samples were accompanied by IMB-FCM-positive results in 88% of corresponding PB samples. CMCs strongly associated with other clinical biomarkers of disease burden, including elevated MMCs, β2-MG, sCrea, and DS and ISS stages, and more serious anemia, bone destruction, and renal impairment (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that elevated β2-MG and moderate-to-more anemia were significant risk factors for the presence of CMCs (P < 0.05). As a noninvasive “liquid biopsy” of monitoring MRD, the potential of IMB-FCM for CMC detection may complement or minimize bone marrow aspiration in future treatment of MM patients.

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Acknowledgments

The present study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(162300410299). We also thank Dr. Mengde Cao for reviewing and revising the English language of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

    Ningning Wang, Jia Li, Xiaojuan Gao, Shuai Liu & Baohong Yue

  2. Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First People’s Hospital of Pingdingshan, Pingdingshan, Henan, China

    Ningning Wang

  3. Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

    Nahom Tesfaluul

  4. Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

    Shuai Liu & Baohong Yue

  5. Key Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

    Shuai Liu & Baohong Yue

  6. Open Laboratory, Henan Province Key Subject of Clinical Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China

    Baohong Yue

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  1. Ningning Wang
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  2. Nahom Tesfaluul
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  4. Xiaojuan Gao
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Contributions

Baohong Yue conceived the idea and investigated the research study. Ningning Wang designed the study, performed research, analyzed and interpreted data, and wrote the manuscript. Shuai Liu guided and validated the statistical analysis. NahomTesfaluul, Jia Li, and Xiaojuan Gao contributed to writing and reviewing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Baohong Yue.

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All study subjects submitted informed consent, and the study was approved by the Medical Research and Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University.

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Wang, N., Tesfaluul, N., Li, J. et al. Enrichment of circulating myeloma cells by immunomagnetic beads combined with flow cytometry for monitoring minimal residual disease and relapse in patients with multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 98, 2769–2780 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-019-03833-5

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