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Translation, Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS) in Italian

  • Original Article
  • Rhinoplasty
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Abstract

Backgrounds

Rhinoplasty necessarily concerns functional and cosmetic aspects, and outcomes of both should be assessed in each patient. There has been a lack in the literature in Italian for a comprehensive tool for assessing both aspects of rhinoplasty. The objective is to translate and validate the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS) into Italian.

Methods

Forward and back-translation was used. Content validity was evaluated by experts and by patient interviews. Internal consistency was assessed by a Cronbach’s alpha. The structure validity was assessed by an exploratory factor analysis.

Results

Cognitive interviews of 10 rhinoplasty patients resulted in a good overall comprehension of the SCHNOS. Of the 411 respondents, 281 (32%) were women, and the average age was 33.6 (11.3) years. The alpha was excellent for both the obstruction domain (SCHNOS-O) (0.90) and the cosmetic domain (SCHNOS-C) (0.94). All the correlations between repeated measures were moderate to very strong. The exploratory factor analysis demonstrated unidimensionality of both the SCHNOS-O and the SCHNOS-C scores.

Conclusions

The SCHNOS was successfully translated and validated in Italian and can be recommended for a clinical use among rhinoplasty patients.

Level of Evidence III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy

    Rosa Alessia Battista, Milena Ferraro, Lucia Oriella Piccioni, Michael John & Mario Bussi

  2. Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA

    Mohamed Abdelwahab & Sam P. Most

  3. IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    Federica Battista

  4. Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland

    Mikhail Saltychev

Authors
  1. Rosa Alessia Battista
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  2. Milena Ferraro
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  3. Lucia Oriella Piccioni
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  4. Mohamed Abdelwahab
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  5. Federica Battista
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  6. Michael John
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  7. Mikhail Saltychev
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  8. Sam P. Most
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  9. Mario Bussi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rosa Alessia Battista.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

The present study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (Protocol number: Rhinoplasty2020; decision number: 38/INT/2020).

Human or Animal participants

All procedures performed in the study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Informed consent was obtained from all participants.

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Battista, R.A., Ferraro, M., Piccioni, L.O. et al. Translation, Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS) in Italian. Aesth Plast Surg 46, 1351–1359 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-021-02677-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-021-02677-7

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