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Absentee owners and overlapping home ranges in a territorial species

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Abstract

Understanding animals’ use of space can shed valuable light on multiple other aspects of behavioral ecology, including social organization, dispersal, and foraging efficiency. Home ranges, territories, core areas, and home range overlaps have been widely studied, but unless animals are directly observed or are tracked remotely on a fine temporal scale, how they actually use the space available to them and how they share (or partition) this space with a community of conspecifics over time cannot be fully understood. Using GPS technology, we tracked three adjacent groups of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in Laikipia, Kenya, for 1 year to better understand the processes involved in territoriality and home range overlaps. Home ranges overlapped with any one neighboring group by 12.7–34.7%, but intergroup encounters only occurred in restricted areas within these zones, which defined territorial boundaries. The resources closest to the territorial boundaries were nocturnal core areas with preferred sleeping sites adjacent to short-grass areas offering fewer hiding places for ambush predators and greater visibility for predator detection. Home range overlaps were not neutral zones, the result of shifting home range boundaries over time, or based on intergroup encounters at boundaries, but resulted when groups made incursions beyond their territorial boundaries while the neighbor was far away and likely unaware of the intruders. Thus, territories can be non-exclusive but may still be perceived by the animals themselves as sole-owned, as neighbors only intrude when territory owners are absent from that area.

Significance statement

How animals use their space is a perennial focus in behavioral ecology because space use influences nearly everything else in animals’ lives. While tracking has long been used to investigate space use, particularly for nocturnal animals, only direct observation or tracking on a fine scale can reveal the processes involved in the creation or maintenance of home ranges and territories and that cause home range overlaps to persist. We remotely tracked three adjacent groups of vervet monkeys on a fine temporal scale for 1 year. Despite behaving territorially, vervet home ranges overlapped well beyond territorial boundaries because neighbors were “absentee owners,” unable to prevent incursions when they were not nearby. Our findings suggest that exclusivity of use in the definition of territoriality may be too strict; animals may behave as if they are exclusive owners even if neighbors’ use of space does not reflect it.

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Data availability

The data used for this study are available at Movebank.org or from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgments

We thank G. Omondi and M. Mutinda for their veterinary services during the capture process; W. Longor, A. Sneath, K. VanderWaal, and J. Wanjala for additional field assistance; and M. Kinnaird and the staff at Mpala Research Centre for logistical assistance. We also thank associate editor Kevin Langergraber and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions on an earlier version.

Funding

This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. BCS 99-03949 and BCS 1266389), the Leakey Foundation, and the University of California, Davis, Committee on Research to LAI; Wenner-Gren Foundation (Grant No. 8386) to LRB, and an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship and a UC Davis Dean’s Distinguished Graduate Fellowship to JCL.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    Lynne A. Isbell & Laura R. Bidner

  2. Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    Lynne A. Isbell & J. Carter Loftus

  3. Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya

    Lynne A. Isbell, Laura R. Bidner, J. Carter Loftus, Duncan M. Kimuyu & Truman P. Young

  4. Department of Natural Resources, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya

    Duncan M. Kimuyu

  5. Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    Truman P. Young

Authors
  1. Lynne A. Isbell
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  2. Laura R. Bidner
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  3. J. Carter Loftus
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  4. Duncan M. Kimuyu
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  5. Truman P. Young
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lynne A. Isbell.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethics approval

This study was approved by the University of California, Davis, under IACUC protocol # 17477, and the Government of Kenya (NACOSTI permit # P/15/5820/4650). Permission to conduct research in Kenya was granted by NACOSTI (permit # P/15/5820/4650), and the Kenya Wildlife Service provided local affiliation. All applicable international, national, and institutional guidelines for the use of animals were followed. The study also conformed to the International Primatological Society’s and American Society of Primatologists’ Code of Best Practices for Field Primatology.

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Code availability

Openly available at https://github.com/CarterLoftus/Isbell_et_al_Absentee_Owners. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4015395

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Communicated by K. Langergraber

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Isbell, L.A., Bidner, L.R., Loftus, J.C. et al. Absentee owners and overlapping home ranges in a territorial species. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 75, 21 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-020-02945-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-020-02945-7

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