References
Laennec RTH (1819) De l’auscultation médiate ou traité du diagnostic des maladies des poumons et du coeur, fondé principalement sur ce nouveau moyen d’exploration, vol 1. JA Brosson et JS Chaude, Paris, p 368
No Authors Listed (1995) Terminology of nodular hepatocellular lesions. International working party. Hepatology 22:983–993
Hanna RF, Aguirre DA, Kased N, et al. (2008) Cirrhosis-associated hepatocellular nodules: correlation of histo-pathologic and MR imaging features. Radiographics 28:747–769
Krinsky GA, Lee VS, Nguyen MT, Rofsky NM, et al. (2000) Siderotic nodules at MR imaging: regenerative or dysplastic? J Comput Assist Tomogr 24:773–776
Kojiro M, Roskams T (2005) Early hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules. Semin Liver Dis 25:133–142
Kojiro M (2004) Focus on dysplastic nodules and early hepatocellular carcinoma: an eastern point of view. Liver Transpl 10(Suppl 1):S3–S8
Kudo M (2003) Hepatic nodular lesions caused by abnormal hepatic circulation: etiological and clinical aspects. J Gastroenterol 38:308–310
Kojiro M (2010) Pathological diagnosis at early stage: reaching international consensus. Oncology 78(Suppl 1):31–35
Efremidis SC, Hytiroglou P (2002) The multistep process of hepatocarcinogenesis in cirrhosis with imaging correlation. Eur Radiol 12:753–764
Wang XW, Hussain SP, Huo TI, et al. (2002) Molecular pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Toxicology 181–182:43–47
Staib F, Hussain SP, Hofseth LJ, et al. (2003) TP53 and liver carcinogenesis. Hum Mutat 21:201–216
Hussain SP, Schwank J, Staib F, et al. (2007) TP53 mutations and hepatocellular carcinoma: insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of liver cancer. Oncogene 26:2166–2176
Jiang W, Wang XW, Unger T, Forgues M, et al. (2010) Cooperation of tumor-derived HBx mutants and p53-249(ser) mutant in regulating cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and aneuploidy in a telomerase-immortalized normal human hepatocyte-derived cell line. Int J Cancer 127:1011–1020
Kudo M (2009) Multistep human hepatocarcinogenesis: correlation of imaging with pathology. J Gastroenterol 44(Suppl 19):112–118
Dodd GD III, Baron RL, Oliver JH III, et al. (1999) Spectrum of imaging findings of the liver in end-stage cirrhosis. Part I, gross morphology and diffuse abnormalities. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173:1031–1036
Ito K, Mitchell DG, Siegelman ES (2002) Cirrhosis: MR imaging features. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 10:75–92
Brown JJ, Naylor MJ, Yagan N (1997) Imaging of hepatic cirrhosis. Radiology 202:1–16
Aguirre DA, Behling CA, Alpert E, et al. (2006) Liver fibrosis: noninvasive diagnosis with double contrast material-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 239:425–437
Faria SC, Ganesan K, Mwangi I, et al. (2009) MR imaging of liver fibrosis: current state of the art. Radiographics 29:1615–1635
Mwangi I, Hanna RF, Kased N, et al. (2010) Apparent diffusion coefficient of fibrosis and regenerative nodules in the cirrhotic liver at MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194:1515–1522
Hussain SM, Zondervan PE, IJzermans JN, et al. (2002) Benign versus malignant hepatic nodules: MR imaging findings with pathologic correlation. Radiographics 22:1023–1036
Theise ND, Schwartz M, Miller C, et al. (1992) Macroregenerative nodules and hepatocellular carcinoma in 44 sequential adult explants with cirrhosis. Hepatology 16:949–955
Ferrell LD, Wright T, Lake J, et al. (1992) Incidence and diagnostic features of macroregenerative nodules vs small hepatocellular carcinomas in cirrhotic livers. Hepatology 16:1372–1381
Hytiroglou P, Theise ND, Schwartz M, et al. (1995) Macroregenerative nodules in a series of adult cirrhotic liver explants: issues of classification and nomenclature. Hepatology 21:703–708
Krinsky GA, Lee VS, Theise ND, et al. (2001) Hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules in patients with cirrhosis: prospective diagnosis with MR imaging and explantation correlation. Radiology 219:445–454
Lim JH, Choi BI (2002) Dysplastic nodules in liver cirrhosis: imaging. Abdom Imaging 27:117–128
Xu PJ, Yan FH, Wang JH, et al. (2010) Contribution of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the characterization of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules in cirrhotic liver. J Comput Assist Tomogr 34:506–512
Sadek AG, Mitchell DG, Siegelman ES, et al. (1995) Early hepatocellular carcinoma that develops within macroregenerative nodules: growth rate depicted at serial MR imaging. Radiology 195:753–756
Taouli B, Losada M, Holland A, et al. (2004) Magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 127(5 Suppl 1):S144–S152
Jeong YY, Yim NY, Kang KK (2005) Hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver with helical CT and MRI: imaging spectrum and pitfalls of cirrhosis-related nodules. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185:1024–1032
van den Bos IC, Hussain SM, Terkivatan T, et al. (2006) Stepwise carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in the cirrhotic liver: demonstration on serial MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 24:1071–1080
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grazioli, L., Olivetti, L. & Orlando, E. Cirrhosis and pre-neoplastic lesions. Abdom Imaging 37, 188–214 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-011-9801-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-011-9801-2