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Investigation of the mycelial morphology of Monascus and the expression of pigment biosynthetic genes in high-salt-stress fermentation

  • Biotechnological products and process engineering
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Abstract

Extreme environments, for example high-salt-stress condition, that can induce secondary metabolite biosynthesis in fungi are a promising and effective strategy for producing natural Monascus pigments used as food colourants and nutraceutical supplements. In this study, the relationship between the mycelial morphology and expression of pigment biosynthetic genes in high-salt-stress fermentation (HSF) with Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910 was investigated. The Monascus fungus grew well under HSF conditions with 35 g/l NaCl, and the intracellular yellow pigment yield in HSF was 40% higher than that in conventional batch fermentation (CBF). Moreover, the mycelial morphology was maintained in a better state, with a hyphal diameter of 5–6 μm in HSF, indicating good biocatalytic activity for pigment synthesis. The rate of the relative content of intracellular orange pigments to yellow pigments (O/Y) significantly (p < 0.05) changed, and the extracellular yellow pigments were transformed into each other, indicating that the pigment biosynthesis pathway was changed to promote yellow pigment accumulation in HSF. The pigment biosynthesis genes MpPKS5, MpFasB2, mppE, mppD and mppB were significantly (p < 0.05) up-regulated by approximately 58.4–106.1%, whereas the regulatory genes mppR1 and mppR2 were significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulated by approximately 23.2% and 59.0% in HSF. Notably, the mppE gene was highly correlated with (r > 0.95, p < 0.05) hyphal diameter. These findings indicated that the cultivation of the Monascus fungus under high-salt-stress conditions was beneficial for pigment biosynthesis by controlling the mycelial morphology to regulate gene expression. This study first described the relationship between the mycelial morphology and expression of pigment biosynthetic genes in Monascus during fermentation.

Key Points

• High-salt-stress fermentation (HSF) was first performed to improve Monascus pigment yield.

• Pigment biosynthesis was enhanced by maintaining the mycelial morphology in an improved state in HSF.

• Gene expression was up-/downregulated to promote yellow pigment accumulation in HSF.

• The mycelial morphology was highly related to the expression of pigment biosynthetic genes in HSF.

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Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31901674, 31501582), the Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education, China (Q20191508), the Science Foundation Project of Wuhan Institute of Technology, China (K201836), the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2018CFB514), and the Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, China (BTBU), the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (2019JQ-532).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, People’s Republic of China

    Gong Chen & Xihong Zhao

  2. School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People’s Republic of China

    Shanzhong Yang & Zhenqiang Wu

  3. Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, People’s Republic of China

    Chengtao Wang

  4. College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People’s Republic of China

    Kan Shi

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  1. Gong Chen
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  2. Shanzhong Yang
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  3. Chengtao Wang
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  4. Kan Shi
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  5. Xihong Zhao
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  6. Zhenqiang Wu
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Contributions

G.C. planned and carried out the experiments, analysed the data and wrote the manuscript; S.Y. and K.S. assisted to carry out experiments; C.W., X.Z. and Z.W. participated in the data analysis and finalised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Xihong Zhao or Zhenqiang Wu.

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Chen, G., Yang, S., Wang, C. et al. Investigation of the mycelial morphology of Monascus and the expression of pigment biosynthetic genes in high-salt-stress fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 104, 2469–2479 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10389-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10389-2

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