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Two different primary oxidation mechanisms during biotransformation of thymol by gram-positive bacteria of the genera Nocardia and Mycobacterium

  • Applied Microbial and Cell Physiology
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Abstract

Thymol has antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxidative properties which are the basis for the wide use of this compound in the cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Although thymol is a ubiquitously occurring substance in the environment, data about its degradation and detoxification by bacteria are sparse. Here, we show the existence of two different pathways for the biotransformation of thymol by Nocardia cyriacigeorgica and Mycobacterium neoaurum which were described for the first time for gram-positive bacteria. The first pathway starts with hydroxylation of thymol to thymohydroquinone (2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzene-1,4-diol) with subsequent oxidation to thymobenzoquinone (2-isopropyl-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone). The second pathway involves hydroxylation of the methyl group followed by oxidation to 3-hydroxy-4-isopropylbenzoic acid, possibly via the aldehyde 3-hydroxy-4-isopropylbenzaldehyde. It is noteworthy that the branched side chain of thymol was not oxidized. Similarities and differences of these oxidation processes with those of the gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas putida, fungi, and plants are discussed and, in addition, the toxicity of thymol towards N. cyriacigeorgica and M. neoaurum was tested. The experiments showed a temporary growth inhibition with 0.025 % thymol. This was explained by degradation of thymol and the formation of products which are less toxic than thymol itself.

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Acknowledgments

Robert Jack (Institute of Immunology, University of Greifswald) is gratefully acknowledged for help in preparing the manuscript. We thank M. Lalk (Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald) for providing NMR data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, F.-L.-Jahnstr. 15, 17487, Greifswald, Germany

    Veronika Hahn, Katharina Sünwoldt, Annett Mikolasch & Frieder Schauer

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  1. Veronika Hahn
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  2. Katharina Sünwoldt
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  3. Annett Mikolasch
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  4. Frieder Schauer
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Correspondence to Veronika Hahn.

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Hahn, V., Sünwoldt, K., Mikolasch, A. et al. Two different primary oxidation mechanisms during biotransformation of thymol by gram-positive bacteria of the genera Nocardia and Mycobacterium . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97, 1289–1297 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4293-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4293-8

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