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Sediment Microbial Diversity of Three Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents Southwest of the Azores

  • Environmental Microbiology
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Abstract

Menez Gwen, Lucky Strike and Rainbow are the three most visited and well-known deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields in the Azores region, located in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Their distinct geological and ecological features allow them to support a diversity of vent communities, which are largely dependent on Bacteria and Archaea capable of anaerobic or microaerophilic metabolism. These communities play important ecological roles through chemoautotrophy, feeding and in establishing symbiotic associations. However, the occurrence and distribution of these microbes remain poorly understood, especially in deep-sea sediments. In this study, we provide for the first time a comparative survey of the sediment-associated microbial communities from these three neighbouring vent fields. Sediment samples collected in the Menez Gwen, Lucky Strike and Rainbow vent fields showed significant differences in trace-metal concentrations and associated microbiomes. The taxonomic profiles of bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic representatives were assessed by rRNA gene-tag pyrosequencing, identified anaerobic methanogens and microaerobic Epsilonproteobacteria, particularly at the Menez Gwen site, suggesting sediment communities potentially enriched in sub-seafloor microbes rather than from pelagic microbial taxa. Cosmopolitan OTUs were also detected mostly at Lucky Strike and Rainbow sites and affiliated with the bacterial clades JTB255, Sh765B-TzT-29, Rhodospirillaceae and OCS155 marine group and with the archaeal Marine Group I. Some variations in the community composition along the sediment depth were revealed. Elemental contents and hydrothermal influence are suggested as being reflected in the composition of the microbial assemblages in the sediments of the three vent fields. Altogether, these findings represent valuable information for the understanding of the microbial distribution and potential ecological roles in deep-sea hydrothermal fields.

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to the scientific parties of the BioBaz 2013 cruise, in particular to the crew members of the RV ‘Pourquoi Pas ?’, the ROV ‘Victor6000’ team (Ifremer, France) for their assistance in obtaining the sediment samples, Eva Martins and Cátia Cardoso for samples handling on board, Tomás Melo for map and figures design, Ricardo Medeiros from ImageDOP for map data and Valentina Costa for all technical assistance in the laboratory. We also acknowledge IMAR-Centre management unit of the University of the Azores. This study was supported by the Azorean Directorate for Science, Technology and Communications (DRCTC) (TC doctoral grant—M3.1.2/F/052/2011).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of the Azores, Rua Prof. Dr. Frederico Machado, 4, 9901-862, Horta, Portugal

    Teresa Cerqueira & Ricardo S. Santos

  2. MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre—Azores, Rua Prof. Dr. Frederico Machado, 4, 9901-862, Horta, Portugal

    Teresa Cerqueira, Ricardo S. Santos & Raul Bettencourt

  3. Next Generation Sequencing Unit, UCBiotech–CNC, Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Núcleo 04, Lote 8, 3060-197, Cantanhede, Portugal

    Diogo Pinho, Hugo Froufe & Conceição Egas

  4. OKEANOS Centre, Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, Rua Prof. Dr. Frederico Machado, 4, 9901-862, Horta, Portugal

    Ricardo S. Santos & Raul Bettencourt

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  1. Teresa Cerqueira
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  2. Diogo Pinho
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Correspondence to Teresa Cerqueira.

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Electronic supplementary material

Figure S1

Photographs of the sediment sampling sites during the BIOBAZ cruise, in August 2013. A blade corer device was used to retrieve sediment samples from the most suitable area near an active vent from the Menez Gwen (MG), Lucky Strike (LS) and Rainbow (RB) hydrothermal vent fields in the northern MAR. The left panel represents the general view of the seafloor to be sampled in comparison to the right panel corresponding to the actual sampling spots where the corers successfully retrieved the sediments. MG (right panel)—sampling was performed in the ‘MG2 site’ ~4 m from an active vent chimney, at a depth of 825 m. LS (right panel)—sampling was performed between the South and the Northeast volcanic summits of the vent system, ~40 m from an active vent, at 1603 m deep. RB (right panel)—sampling was performed ~100 m from an active vent, at 2362 m deep. (JPEG 6243 kb)

Figure S2

Rarefaction curves for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences from bacteria (a) and archaea (b). Number of sequences are illustrated in relation to the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), grouped at 97% similarity level for each sediment sample under study. Samples retrieved from Menez Gwen (MG), Lucky Strike (LS) and Rainbow (RB) hydrothermal fields are plotted in blue, red and yellow, respectively. The curves show a good coverage of the diversity present in the communities under study even though there is still a hidden biodiversity within the sediments. (PNG 197 kb)

Supplementary file 1

Detailed description of the study sites and vent field characteristics. (DOCX 40 kb)

Table S1

Diversity and richness estimators. (XLSX 12 kb)

Table S2

Genus-level taxonomic affiliations of all OTUs derived from 454 sequencing of SSU rRNA genes from Menez Gwen (MG), Lucky Strike (LS) and Rainbow (RB) sediment samples. (XLSX 377 kb)

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Cerqueira, T., Pinho, D., Froufe, H. et al. Sediment Microbial Diversity of Three Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents Southwest of the Azores. Microb Ecol 74, 332–349 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-017-0943-9

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