Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Distributions and Sources of PAHs and OCPs in Surficial Sediments of Edremit Bay (Aegean Sea)

  • Published:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, levels, distributions, and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (18 compounds) and organochlorine pesticides (19 compounds) in surface sediments of 14 stations from Edremit Bay (Aegean Sea) were investigated in April and November 2015. ΣPAH concentrations (0.65–175 ng/g) in Edremit Bay sediments indicated low pollution. ΣPAH levels were decreased in the order of inner (81.1 ± 47.0 ng/g), northern (48.4 ± 15.9 ng/g), and southern (19.0 ± 15.8 ng/g) bays. p,p’-DDE was the only organochlorine pesticide detected in Edremit Bay sediments and found between nd to 1.16 ng/g dw. According to sediment quality guidelines, PAHs and p,p’-DDE levels in Edremit Bay were below the threshold effect level, effect range low, and threshold effect concentration limits and the sediments have no potential ecological risks. Two- to 3-ring PAHs were found at higher levels than 4- to 5-ring PAHs. Molecular PAHs ratios and Principal Component Analysis-Multiple Linear Regression analyses indicated combustion of wood-coal and vehicle emissions might have contributed to PAH levels in the bay.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbassy MMS (2018) Distribution pattern of persistent organic pollutants in aquatic ecosystem at the Rosetta Nile branch estuary into the Mediterranean Sea, North of Delta, Egypt. Mar Pollut Bull 131:115–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aichner B, Glaser B, Zech W (2007) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban soils from Kathmandu, Nepal. Org Geochem 38:700–715

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akhbarizadeh R, Moore F, Keshavarzi B, Moeinpour A (2016) Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons risk assessment in coastal water and sediments of Khark Island, SW Iran. Mar Pollut Bull 108:33–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anyakora C, Ogbeche A, Palmer P, Coker H (2005) Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in marine samples of Siokolo Fishing Settlement. J Chromatogr A 1073:323–330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baek SO, Field RA, Goldstone ME, Kirk PW, Lester JN, Perry R (1991) A review of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources, fate and behavior. Water Air Soil Pollut 60:279–300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balcioğlu EB, Gönülal O, Güreşen SO, Aksu A, Öztürk B (2018) Comparison and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the entrance and the exit of the Turkish Straits System (TSS). Mar Pollut Bull 136:33–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barakat AO, Mostafa A, Wade TL, Sweet ST, El Sayed NB (2011) Distribution and characteristics of PAHs in sediments from the Mediterranean coastal environment of Egypt. Mar Pollut Bull 62:1969–1978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barakat AO, Mostafa A, Wade TL, Sweet ST, El Sayed NB (2013) Distribution and ecological risk of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments from the Mediterranean coastal environment of Egypt. Chemosphere 93:545–554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastami KD, Afkhami M, Ehsanpour M, Kazaali A, Mohammadizadeh M, Haghparast S, Soltani F, Zanjani SA, Ghorghani NF, Pourzare R (2013) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the coastal water, surface sediment and mullet Liza klunzingeri from northern part of Hormuz strait (Persian Gulf). Mar Pollut Bull 76:411–416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumard P, Budzinski H, Garrigues P (1998a) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and mussels of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:765–776

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumard P, Budzinski H, Garrigues P, Sorbe JC, Burgeot T, Bellocq J (1998b) Concentrations of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in various marine organisms in relation to those in sediments and to trophic level. Mar Pollut Bull 36:951–960

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumard P, Budzinski H, Michon Q, Garrigues P, Burgeot T, Bellocq J (1998c) Origin and bioavailability of PAHs in the Mediterranean Sea from mussel and sediment records. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 47:77–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ben Salem F, Ben Said O, Mahmoudi E, Duran R, Monperrus M (2017) Distribution of organic contamination of sediments from Ichkeul Lake and Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia. Mar Pollut Bull 123:329–338

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Botsou F, Hatzianestis I (2012) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments of the Hellenic coastal zone, eastern Mediterranean: levels, sources and toxicological significance. J Soils Sediments 12:265–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budzinski H, Jones I, Bellocq J, Pierard C, Garrigues PH (1997) Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estuary. Mar Chem 58:85–97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardellicchio N, Buccolieri A, Giandomenico S, Lopez L, Pizzulli F, Spada L (2007) Organic pollutants (PAHs, PCBs) in sediments from the Mar Piccolo in Taranto (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy). Mar Pollut Bull 55:451–458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty P, Ramteke D, Chakraborty S (2015) Geochemical partitioning of Cu and Ni in mangrove sediments: relationships with their bioavailability. Mar Pollut Bull 93:194–201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiou CT, McGroddy SE, Kile DE (1998) Partition characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soils and sediments. Environ Sci Technol 32:264–269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • dos Santos Rodrigues CC, Santos LGGV, Santos E, Damasceno FC, Corrêa JAM (2018) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Amazon River Estuary (Amapá, Northern Brazil): distribution, sources and potential ecological risk. Mar Pollut Bull 135:769–775

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duan X, Liu J, Zhang D, Yin P, Li Y, Li X (2015) An assessment of human influences on sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the estuarine and coastal sediments of China. Mar Pollut Bull 97:309–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dumbleton MJ (1981) The British soil classification system for engineering purposes: its development and relation to other comparable systems. NASA STI/Recon Technical Report No 83

  • Gogou A, Apostolaki M, Stephanou EG (1998) Determination of organic molecular markers in marine aerosols and sediments: one-step flash chromatography compound class fractionation and capillary gas chromatographic analysis. J Chromatogr A 799:215–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grova N, Feidt C, Crepineau C, Laurent C, Lafargue PE, Hachimi A, Rychen G (2002) Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in milk collected near potential contamination sources. J Agric Food Chem 50:4640–4642

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HACH (1988) Procedure water and waste water analysis, Publication 3061

  • Harrison RM, Smith DIT, Luhana L (1996) Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, U.K. Environ Sci Technol 30:825–832

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong WJ, Jia H, Li YF, Sun Y, Liu X, Wang L (2016) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylated PAHs in the coastal seawater, surface sediment and oyster from Dalian, Northeast China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 128:11–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (1983) Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: polynuclear aromatic compounds, part l, chemical, environmental and experimental data no. 32, France

  • Kapsimalis V, Panagiotopoulos IP, Talagani P, Hatzianestis I, Kaberi H, Rousakis G, Kanellopoulos TD, Hatiris GA (2014) Organic contamination of surface sediments in the metropolitan coastal zone of Athens, Greece: sources, degree, and ecological risk. Mar Pollut Bull 80:312–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen RK, Baker JE (2003) Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: a comparison of three methods. Environ Sci Technol 37:1873–1881

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Xia X, Yang Z, Wang R, Voulvoulis N (2006) Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, China. Environ Pollut 144:985–993

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li F, Lin J, Liang Y, Gan H, Zeng X, Duan Z, Liang K, Liu X, Huo Z, Wu C (2014) Coastal surface sediment quality assessment in Leizhou Peninsula (South China Sea) based on SEM-AVS analysis. Mar Pollut Bull 84:424–436

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Dong H, Zhang D, Han B, Zhu C, Liu S, Liu X, Ma Q, Li X (2015) Sources and ecological risk assessment of PAHs in surface sediments from Bohai Sea and northern part of the Yellow Sea, China. Mar Pollut Bull 96:485–490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Long ER, MacDonald DD (1998) Recommended uses of empirically derived, sediment quality guidelines for marine and estuarine ecosystems. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 4:1019–1039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long E, MacDonald D, Smith S (1995) Incidence of adverse bilogical effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Env Manag 19:81–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long R, Field LJAY, Macdonald D (1998) Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediment quality guidelines. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:715–727

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorber M, Cleverly D, Schaum J, Phillips L, Schweer G, Leighton T (1994) Development and validation of an air-to-beef food chain model for dioxin-like compounds. Sci Total Environ 156(1):39–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lourenço RA, Araujo Júnior MAG, Meireles Júnior RO, Macena LF, Eleine EF, Carneiro MER (2013) Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements as indicators of contamination status near oil and gas platforms in the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin (Southwest Atlantic Ocean). Cont Shelf Res 71:37–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Y, Halsall CJ, Xie Z, Koetke D, Mi W, Ebinghaus R, Gao G (2017) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ocean sediments from the North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean. Environ Pollut 227:498–504

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald DD, Carr RS, Calder FD, Long ER, Ingersoll CG (1996) Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters. Ecotoxicology 278:253–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Lladó X, Gibert O, Martí V, Díez S, Romo J, Bayona JM, de Pablo J (2007) Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and tributyltin (TBT) in Barcelona harbour sediments and their impact on benthic communities. Environ Pollut 149:104–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menzie CA, Potocki BB, Santodonato J (1992) Exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 26:1278–1284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Migani F, Borghesi F, Dinelli E (2015) Geochemical characterization of surface sediments from the northern Adriatic wetlands around the Po river delta. Part I: bulk composition and relation to local background. J Geochem Explor 156:72–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL (2004) Levels of PAHs in soil and vegetation samples from Tarragona County, Spain. Environ Pollut 132:1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen TC, Loganathan P, Nguyen TV, Vigneswaran S, Kandasamy J, Slee D, Stevenson G, Naidu R (2014) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road-deposited sediments, water sediments, and soils in Sydney, Australia: comparisons of concentration distribution, sources and potential toxicity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 104:339–348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieva-Cano MJ, Rubio-Barroso S, Santos-Delgado MJ (2001) Determination of PAH in food samples by HPLC with fluorimetric detection following sonication extraction without sample clean-up. Analyst 126:1326–1331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nwachukwu SCU (2000) Enhanced rehabilitation of tropical aquatic environments polluted with crude petroleum using Candida utilis. J Environ Biol 21(3):241–250

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nwachukwu SCU, James P, Gurney TR (2001) mpacts of crude oil on the germination and growth of cress seeds (Lepidium sp.) after bioremediation of agricultural soil polluted with crude petroleum using “adapted” Pseudomonas putida. J Environ Biol 22(1):29–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng C, Chen W, Liao X, Wang M, Ouyang Z, Jiao W, Bai Y (2011) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of Beijing: status, sources, distribution and potential risk. Environ Pollut 159:802–808

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pintado-Herrera MG, Combi T, Corada-Fernández C, González-Mazo E, Lara-Martín PA (2017) Occurrence and spatial distribution of legacy and emerging organic pollutants in marine sediments from the Atlantic coast (Andalusia, SW Spain). Sci Total Environ 605:980–994

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qu C, Sun Y, Albanese S, Lima A, Sun W, Di Bonito M, Qi S, De Vivo B (2018) Organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Gulfs of Naples and Salerno, Southern Italy. J Geochem Explor 195:87–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R Core Team (2018) A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.r-project.org/

  • Ramzi A, Habeeb Rahman K, Gireeshkumar TR, Balachandran KK, Jacob C, Chandramohanakumar N (2017) Dynamics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of Cochin estuary, India. Mar Pollut Bull 114:1081–1087

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Readman JW, Mantoura RF, Rhead MM (1987) A record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution obtained from accreting sediments of the Tamar estuary, UK: evidence for non-equilibrium behaviour of PAH. Sci Total Environ 66:73–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schintu M, Buosi C, Galgani F, Marrucci A, Marras B, Ibba A, Cherchi A (2015) Interpretation of coastal sediment quality based on trace metal and PAH analysis, benthic foraminifera, and toxicity tests (Sardinia, Western Mediterranean). Mar Pollut Bull 94:72–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw GR, Connell DW (1994) Prediction and monitoring of the carcinogenicity of poycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 135:1–62

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simcik MF, Eisenreich SJ, Lioy PJ (1999) Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in coastal atmosphere of chicago and lake michigan source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and Lake Michigan. Atmos Environ 33:5071–5079

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soclo HH, Garrigues P, Ewald M (2000) Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal marine sediments: case studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) areas. Mar Pollut Bull 40:387–396

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsapakis M, Stephanou EG, Karakassis I (2003) Evaluation of atmospheric transport as a nonpoint source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments of the Eastern Mediterranean. Mar Chem 80:283–298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (2002) Regionally based assessment of persistent toxic substances. Mediterranean regional report. Geneva, Switzerland

  • UNEP/IOC/IAEA (1992) Determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments, Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies, 20, UNEP, 75 pp

  • USEPA (1993) Proposed sediment quality criteria for the protection of benthic organism. EPA-882-R-93-012, EPA- 882-R-93-013, EPA-882-R-93-014, US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC

  • Wagner AA (1957) The use of the unified soil classification system by the Bureau of reclamation. In: Proceedings of 4th ınternational conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering (London), vol 1, p 125

  • Wang X-C, Sun S, Ma H-Q, Liu Y (2006) Sources and distribution of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. Mar Pollut Bull 52:129–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein JE, Crawford KD, Garner TR, Flemming AJ (2010) Screening-level ecological and human health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in stormwater detention pond sediments of Coastal South Carolina, USA. J Hazard Mater 178:906–916

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang N, Jiang C, Yang T, Li P, Wang H, Xie Y, Li S, Zhou H, Diao X (2018) Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater, sediments and corals from Hainan Island, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 152:8–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan W, Chi J, Wang Z, Huang W, Zhang G (2009) Spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Daya Bay, South China. Environ Pollut 157:1823–1830

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu H (2002) Environmental carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: photochemistry and phototoxicity. J Environ Sci Heal Part C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 20:149–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yücesoy-Eryılmaz F, Eryılmaz M, Esenli F, Esenli V, Özdemir Z, Türker A, Aydın Ş (2005) Edremit Körfezi ve Dikili Kanalı güncel çökellerinin sedimantolojisi ve jeokimyası. TÜBİTAK Project no: YDABCAG 100Y098, 152p (in Turkish)

  • Yunker MB, Snowdon LR, Macdonald RW, Smith JN, Fowler MG, Skibo DN, Mclaughlin FA, Danyushevskaya AI, Petrova VI, Ivanov GI (1996) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition and potential sources for sediment samples from the beaufort and barents seas. Environ Sci Technol 30:1310–1320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yunker MB, Macdonald RW, Vingarzan R, Mitchell H, Goyette D, Sylvestre S (2002) PAHs in the Fraser River basin a critical appraisal of PAH ratio as indicators of PAH source and composition. Org Geochem 33:489–515

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou JL, Fileman TW, Evans S, Donkin P, Llewellyn C, Readman JW, Mantoura RC, Rowland SJ (1998) Fluoranthene and pyrene in the suspended particulate matter and surface sediments of the Humber estuary, UK. Mar Pollut Bull 36:587–597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK) (Grant Number 113Y447) with project “Determination of Organic Matter and Pollutant Levels in Water, Sediment and Organisms from Edremit Bay”. Authors thank to Gamze Kordaci Uzkuc for sediment grain size analysis.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylul University, 35340, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey

    Enis Darilmaz, Hakan Alyuruk, Aynur Kontas, Oya Altay & Esin Uluturhan

  2. Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, 35160, Tinaztepe, Izmir, Turkey

    Mustafa Bilgin

Authors
  1. Enis Darilmaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hakan Alyuruk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aynur Kontas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Oya Altay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Esin Uluturhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mustafa Bilgin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Enis Darilmaz.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 1129 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Darilmaz, E., Alyuruk, H., Kontas, A. et al. Distributions and Sources of PAHs and OCPs in Surficial Sediments of Edremit Bay (Aegean Sea). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 77, 237–248 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-019-00619-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-019-00619-8

Search

Navigation