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Persistent Organic Pollutants Residues in Human Breast Milk from Bathinda and Ludhiana Districts of Punjab, India

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Abstract

In the present study, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including six congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides, were estimated in human breast milk samples collected from two districts of Punjab (India). The mean concentrations of POP residues were recorded higher in Bathinda district (PCBs: 33.7; DDTs: 519.2; HCHs: 46.6 ng g−1 lipid wt.) than Ludhiana (PCBs: 24.2; DDTs; 415.3; HCHs; 35.5 ng g−1 lipid wt.). Levels of PCBs and DDTs were observed higher in primiparas, whereas HCHs residues were seen more in multiparas. Risk analysis to POPs exposure through breast milk reflected that the daily intake for some infants was close to or above the tolerable daily intake limit for detrimental effects, which may raise a health concern. Comparative evaluation of present data indicated that DDT and HCHs residue levels in human breast milk from Punjab, India were among the lowest values reported for developing countries. The first-order kinetic reaction at a steady-state condition used to estimate the half-life of DDT and HCH suggested that DDT levels have declined from 18,211 to 490 ng g−1 lipid wt. with a half-life (Tdec1/2) of 3.25 years over a span of 15 years. Similarly, HCH levels have decreased from 8609 to 46.6 ng g−1 in this duration with Tdec1/2 of 2.25 years. Because some infants are still at risk, continuous monitoring of POPs in human milk is needed for surveillance and interpretation of time trends and for linkage to strict enforcement of agricultural regulations.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the volunteers who took part in the study. We also thank the doctors and hospital staff for their cooperation and help provided during interaction with the sample donors and collection of samples. We express gratitude towards University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India (Grant Number UGC No. 42-635 (2013) SR Sr. no. 5) for funding this research work.

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  1. School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India

    P. Bawa, J. S. Bedi, J. P. S. Gill, R. S. Aulakh & A. Kumar

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141001, India

    Kamal Arora

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  1. P. Bawa
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Correspondence to J. S. Bedi.

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Bawa, P., Bedi, J.S., Gill, J.P.S. et al. Persistent Organic Pollutants Residues in Human Breast Milk from Bathinda and Ludhiana Districts of Punjab, India. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 75, 512–520 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-018-0512-3

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