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An Assessment of Three Harpacticoid Copepod Species for Use in Ecotoxicological Testing

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Abstract

The relatively short life cycles of harpacticoid copepods makes them appropriate animals for use in tests that rapidly assess the acute, sublethal, or chronic effects of sediment contaminants. In this study, four harpacticoid copepod species (Nitocra spinipes, Tisbe tenuimana, Robertgurneya hopkinsi, and Halectinosoma sp.) were isolated from clean marine sediments, and procedures for laboratory culturing were developed. Halectinosoma sp. was abandoned due to handling difficulties. For the remaining species, the influence of food type and quantity on life-cycle progression was assessed. A mixed diet, comprising two species of algae (Tetraselmis sp. and Isochrysis sp.) and fish food (Sera Micron) was found to maintain healthy cultures and was fed during laboratory tests. Water-only exposure to dissolved copper (Cu) showed that the times (range) required to cause 50% lethality (LT50) were 24 (22–27) h at 50 μg Cu/l for T. tenuimana; 114 (100–131) and 36 (32–40) h for 200 and 400 μg Cu/l, respectively, for N. spinipes; and 119 (71–201) and 25 (18–33) h for 200 and 400 μg Cu/l, respectively, for R. hopkinsi. 96-h LC50 (concentration causing 50% lethality) were also determined for adult N. spinipes exposed to cadmium, copper, zinc, ammonia, and phenol. A ranking system was generated based on the ease handling and culturing, rate of maturity, food selectivity and sensitivity to Cu. From this ranking, N. spinipes was determined to be the most suitable species for use in developing sediment-toxicity tests. The measurement of total reproductive output of N. spinipes during 10-day exposure to whole sediment was found to provide a useful end point for assessing the effects of sediment contamination.

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Acknowledgments

Specimens of the cultured copepod species were identified by Tomislav Karanovic from the University of Tasmania. Funding for the study was provided by an Australian Postgraduate Award and a CSIRO top-up scholarship. Ian Hamilton is thanked for assisting with field work and culturing of copepods.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW, 2232, Australia

    Daniel J. Ward, Victor Perez-Landa, David A. Spadaro & Stuart L. Simpson

  2. School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia

    Daniel J. Ward & Dianne F. Jolley

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  1. Daniel J. Ward
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  2. Victor Perez-Landa
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Correspondence to Daniel J. Ward.

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244_2011_9646_MOESM1_ESM.doc

Plate 1. Photographs of (i) N. spinipes (Boeck 1864) (approximate 24-day life cycle), (ii) T. tenuimana (Giesbrecht 1902) (approximate 28-day life cycle), and (iii) R. hopkinsi (Lang 1965) (approximate 35-day life cycle). Scale bar = 250 μm.(DOC 1210 kb)

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Ward, D.J., Perez-Landa, V., Spadaro, D.A. et al. An Assessment of Three Harpacticoid Copepod Species for Use in Ecotoxicological Testing. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 61, 414–425 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-011-9646-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-011-9646-2

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