Abstract
Investigations of the molecular mechanisms behind detection of short, and particularly ultraviolet, wavelengths in arthropods have relied heavily on studies from insects due to the relative ease of heterologous expression of modified opsin proteins in model organisms like Drosophila. However, species outside of the Insecta can provide information on mechanisms for spectral tuning as well as the evolutionary history of pancrustacean visual pigments. Here we investigate the basis of spectral tuning in malacostracan short wavelength sensitive (SWS) opsins using phylogenetic comparative methods. Tuning sites that may be responsible for the difference between ultraviolet (UV) and violet visual pigment absorbance in the Malacostraca are identified, and the idea that an amino acid polymorphism at a single site is responsible for this shift is shown to be unlikely. Instead, we suggest that this change in absorbance is accomplished through multiple amino acid substitutions. On the basis of our findings, we conducted further surveys to identify spectral tuning mechanisms in the order Stomatopoda where duplication of UV opsins has occurred. Ancestral state reconstructions of stomatopod opsins from two main clades provide insight into the amino acid changes that lead to differing absorption by the visual pigments they form, and likely contribute the basis for the wide array of UV spectral sensitivities found in this order.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank N.J. Marshall, L. Vail, A. Hoggett, and the staff of the Lizard Island Research Station for making the collection of stomatopod samples possible. Assistance with primer design was provided by Ryan Shiesha. Initial malacostracan data collection was completed in partnership with Mireille Steck and Thomas Iwanicki. Computing resources used for transcriptome assembly were supported by the National Science Foundation under grant nos. DBI-1062432 2011, ABI-1458641, and ABI-1759906 2018 to Indiana University as well as Lilly Endowment Inc. through its support for the Indiana University Pervasive Technology Institute. Transcriptome evaluation and further processing was completed using tools on the Galaxy USA and Galaxy EU platforms (usegalaxy.org and usegalaxy.eu). This is publication #210 from the School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
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SP and MLP contributed to the study concept and design. Specimens were collected by MLP. Molecular data was generated by EM and additional data was obtained by SP. Analysis was conducted by SP. The first draft of the manuscript was written by SP with input from all authors. The final manuscript was approved by all authors.
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Palecanda, S., Madrid, E. & Porter, M.L. Molecular Evolution of Malacostracan Short Wavelength Sensitive Opsins. J Mol Evol 91, 806–818 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-023-10137-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-023-10137-w