Abstract
This paper investigates the enhancement of convective heat transfer within a sub-millimetre diameter copper tube using Al2O3, Co3O4 and CuO microparticle suspensions. Experiments are conducted at different particle concentrations of 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 wt% and at various flow rates ranging from 250 to 1000 µl/min. Both experimental measurements and numerical analyses are employed to obtain the convective heat transfer coefficient. The results indicate a significant enhancement in convective heat transfer coefficient due to the implementation of microparticle suspensions. For the case of Al2O3 microparticle suspension with 5.0 wt% concentration, a 20.3 % enhancement in convective heat transfer coefficient is obtained over deionised water. This is comparable to the case of Al2O3 nanofluid at the same concentration. Hence, there is a potential for the microparticle suspensions to be used for cooling of compact integrated systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- A :
-
Inner surface area of the test tube (m2)
- Al2O3 :
-
Aluminium oxide
- Co3O4 :
-
Cobalt oxide
- CuO:
-
Copper oxide
- \(Cp\) :
-
Specific heat (J/kg/K)
- D :
-
Equivalent diameter (m)
- k :
-
Thermal conductivity (W/m/K)
- h :
-
Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2/K)
- \(\dot{m}\) :
-
Mass flow rate (kg/s)
- Nu :
-
Nusselt number
- T :
-
Temperature (°C)
- Pr:
-
Prandtl number
- q″:
-
Heat flux (W/m2)
- Re:
-
Reynolds number
- T s :
-
Local temperature at the inner wall of the tube (°C)
- T f :
-
Local mean temperature of the fluid (°C)
- x :
-
Dimensionless coordinates
- \(\varphi\) :
-
Volume fraction
- ρ :
-
Density (kg/m3)
- µ :
-
Dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
- f :
-
Base fluid
- in :
-
Inlet
- max :
-
Maximum
- o :
-
Outer wall
- out :
-
Outlet
- p :
-
Microparticles
- pf :
-
Microparticle suspension
- s :
-
Surface
References
Garimella SV, Fleischer AS, Murthy JY, Keshavarzi A, Prasher R, Patel C, Bhavnani SH, Venkatasubramanian R, Mahajan R, Joshi Y (2008) Thermal challenges in next-generation electronic systems. IEEE Trans Compon Packaging Technol 31(4):801–815
Tuckerman DB, Pease R (1981) High-performance heat sinking for VLSI. IEEE Electron Device Lett 2(5):126–129
Kakaç S, Pramuanjaroenkij A (2009) Review of convective heat transfer enhancement with nanofluids. Int J Heat Mass Transf 52(13):3187–3196
Rao Y, Dammel F, Stephan P, Lin G (2007) Convective heat transfer characteristics of microencapsulated phase change material suspensions in minichannels. Heat Mass Transf 44(2):175–186
Goel M, Roy SK, Sengupta S (1994) Laminar forced convection heat transfer in microcapsulated phase change material suspensions. Int J Heat Mass Transf 37(4):593–604
Zhao C-Y, Zhang GH (2011) Review on microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs): fabrication, characterization and applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15(8):3813–3832
Huang L, Petermann M, Doetsch C (2009) Evaluation of paraffin/water emulsion as a phase change slurry for cooling applications. Energy 34(9):1145–1155
Huang Y, Xuan Y, Li Q (2012) Experimental investigation on convective heat transfer of magnetic phase change microcapsule suspension. Appl Therm Eng 47:10–17
Xuan Y, Huang Y, Li Q (2009) Experimental investigation on thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of magnetic microencapsulated phase change material suspension. Chem Phys Lett 479(4):264–269
Rao Y, Dammel F, Stephan P, Lin G (2006) Flow frictional characteristics of microencapsulated phase change material suspensions flowing through rectangular minichannels. Sci China Ser E Technol Sci 49(4):445–456
Lee S, Choi S-S, Li S, Eastman J (1999) Measuring thermal conductivity of fluids containing oxide nanoparticles. J Heat Transf 121(2):280–289
Pak BC, Cho YI (1998) Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids with submicron metallic oxide particles. Exp Heat Transf Int J 11(2):151–170
Zeinali Heris S, Etemad SG, Nasr Esfahany M (2006) Experimental investigation of oxide nanofluids laminar flow convective heat transfer. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 33(4):529–535
Starace AK, Gomez JC, Wang J, Pradhan S, Glatzmaier GC (2011) Nanofluid heat capacities. J Appl Phys 110(12):124323
Chavan D, Pise AT (2015) Experimental investigation of convective heat transfer agumentation using Al2O3/water nanofluid in circular pipe. Heat Mass Transf 51(9):1237–1246
Sonage B, Mohanan P (2014) Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristic of zinc–water nanofluid. Heat Mass Transf 51(4):521–527
Khorasanizadeh H, Fakhari M, Ghaffari S (2015) Effects of properties variations of Al2O3–EG–water nanofluid on natural convection heat transfer in a two-dimensional enclosure: Enhancement or deterioration? Heat Mass Transf 51(5):671–684
Nguyen CT, Roy G, Gauthier C, Galanis N (2007) Heat transfer enhancement using Al2O3—water nanofluid for an electronic liquid cooling system. Appl Therm Eng 27(8):1501–1506
Anoop K, Sundararajan T, Das SK (2009) Effect of particle size on the convective heat transfer in nanofluid in the developing region. Int J Heat Mass Transf 52(9):2189–2195
Byrne MD, Hart RA, da Silva AK (2012) Experimental thermal–hydraulic evaluation of CuO nanofluids in microchannels at various concentrations with and without suspension enhancers. Int J Heat Mass Transf 55(9):2684–2691
Sharma K, Sundar LS, Sarma P (2009) Estimation of heat transfer coefficient and friction factor in the transition flow with low volume concentration of Al2O3 nanofluid flowing in a circular tube and with twisted tape insert. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf 36(5):503–507
Wamkam CT, Opoku MK, Hong H, Smith P (2011) Effects of pH on heat transfer nanofluids containing ZrO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles. J Appl Phys 109(2):024305
Bou Sanayeh M, Bergmann A, Michalzik R (2014) Simultaneous optical manipulation of multiple particles inside microfluidic channels using one rectangular-shaped VCSEL. In: Proceedings of SPIE 9129, Biophotonics: Photonic Solutions for Better Health Care IV, p 91292O, 8 May 2014. doi:10.1117/12.2051610
Glynne-Jones P, Boltryk RJ, Hill M, Harris NR, Baclet P (2009) Robust acoustic particle manipulation: A thin-reflector design for moving particles to a surface. J Acoust Soc Am 126(3):EL75–EL79
Khoshmanesh K, Zhang C, Nahavandi S, Tovar-Lopez FJ, Baratchi S, Mitchell A, Kalantar-Zadeh K (2010) Size based separation of microparticles using a dielectrophoretic activated system. J Appl Phys 108(3):034904
Yamanishi Y, Lin Y-C, Arai F (2007) Magnetically modified PDMS microtools for micro particle manipulation. In: IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems. IROS 2007, IEEE, pp 753–758
Buzea C, Pacheco II, Robbie K (2007) Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity. Biointerphases 2(4):MR17–MR71
Miller MA, Engstrom JD, Ludher BS, Johnston KP (2009) Low viscosity highly concentrated injectable nonaqueous suspensions of lysozyme microparticles. Langmuir 26(2):1067–1074
Chen H, Ding Y, Tan C (2007) Rheological behaviour of nanofluids. New J Phys 9(10):367
Einstein A (1956) Investigations on the Theory of the Brownian Movement. Courier Dover Publications, Mineola
Xuan Y, Roetzel W (2000) Conceptions for heat transfer correlation of nanofluids. Int J Heat Mass Transf 43(19):3701–3707
Maxwell JC (1954) Electricity and magnetism, vol 2. Courier Dover Publications, Mineola
Shah R (1975) Thermal entry length solutions for the circular tube and parallel plates. In: Third national heat mass transfer conference. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India, pp 11–75
Ladd AJ (1994) Numerical simulations of particulate suspensions via a discretized Boltzmann equation. Part 1. Theoretical foundation. J Fluid Mech 271(1):285–309
Ladd A, Verberg R (2001) Lattice-Boltzmann simulations of particle-fluid suspensions. J Stat Phys 104(5–6):1191–1251
De Rosis A, Falcucci G, Ubertini S, Ubertini F, Succi S (2013) Lattice Boltzmann analysis of fluid-structure interaction with moving boundaries. Commun Comput Phys 13(03):823–834
O’Connell ST, Thompson PA (1995) Molecular dynamics–continuum hybrid computations: a tool for studying complex fluid flows. Phys Rev E 52(6):R5792
Nie X, Chen S, Robbins M (2004) A continuum and molecular dynamics hybrid method for micro-and nano-fluid flow. J Fluid Mech 500:55–64
Liu J, Chen S, Nie X, Robbins MO (2007) A continuum–atomistic simulation of heat transfer in micro-and nano-flows. J Comput Phys 227(1):279–291
Mohamed K, Mohamad A (2010) A review of the development of hybrid atomistic–continuum methods for dense fluids. Microfluid Nanofluid 8(3):283–302
Santiago JG, Wereley ST, Meinhart CD, Beebe D, Adrian RJ (1998) A particle image velocimetry system for microfluidics. Exp Fluids 25(4):316–319
Sinton D (2004) Microscale flow visualization. Microfluid Nanofluid 1(1):2–21
Zhu JY, Tang S-Y, Khoshmanesh K, Ghorbani K (2016) An Integrated Liquid Cooling System Based on Galinstan Liquid Metal Droplets. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8(3):2173–2180
Tang SY, Zhu J, Sivan V, Gol B, Soffe R, Zhang W, Mitchell A, Khoshmanesh K (2015) Creation of liquid metal 3D microstructures using dielectrophoresis. Adv Funct Mater 25(28):4445–4452
Siddique M, Khaled A-R, Abdulhafiz N, Boukhary A (2010) Recent advances in heat transfer enhancements: a review report. Int J Chem Eng 2010:106461. doi:10.1155/2010/106461
Sudarsan AP, Ugaz VM (2006) Multivortex micromixing. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103(19):7228–7233
Yi P, Khoshmanesh K, Campbell JL, Coughlan P, Ghorbani K, Kalantar-zadeh K (2014) Investigation of different nanoparticles for magnetophoretically enabled nanofin heat sinks in microfluidics. Lab Chip 14(9):1604–1613
Oakey J, Applegate RW, Arellano E, Di Carlo D, Graves SW, Toner M (2010) Particle focusing in staged inertial microfluidic devices for flow cytometry. Anal Chem 82(9):3862–3867
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhu, J.Y., Tang, S., Yi, P. et al. Enhancement of laminar convective heat transfer using microparticle suspensions. Heat Mass Transfer 53, 169–176 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-016-1807-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-016-1807-4