Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Crosslinking of a polyester resin in the heated plain sheet copper mould

  • Original
  • Published:
Heat and Mass Transfer Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The crosslinking of the unsaturated polyester was studied by using experiments and a model of the process. The kinetic parameters were calculated from the heat flux–time curves obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, Netzsch–Simultaneous Thermal Analyser DSC 200), working in DSC (dynamic) mode. The temperature–time histories were studied in plain sheet copper mould. The mathematical model was constructed by taking into account the heat transferred by conduction through the resin, as well as the kinetics of heat generated by the crosslinking reaction. The contributions to the rise in temperature from heat conduction and chemical reaction are different in different parts of the composite, and can explain the temperature-, or degree of crosslinking (DOC)–time histories. By considering temperature–time histories developed within the sample, more extensive knowledge of the process can be obtained. The effect of the heat transfer by conduction through the composite as well as the internal heat generated by the cure reaction is clearly shown, despite the complexity of the process. Finally, good agreement between experimental data and predicted mathematical model of the crosslinking process in plane sheet mould was shown.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

A r :

arrhenius number, s−1

c :

index (composite)

c p :

specific heat capacity, J kg−1 K−1

E a :

activation energy, kJ mol−1

dH/dt :

heat flow, J s−1 g−1

ΔH r :

heat of reaction, kJ kg−1

k :

rate constant, s−1

L :

mould width, 0.01 m

m, n :

exponents in Eqs. (6)

N :

number of experimental data

P :

degree of crosslinking

r :

radial position, m

R g :

gas constant, 8.314 J mol−1 K−1

r A :

rate of reaction, s−1

t :

time, s

T :

temperature, K

T 0 :

initial temperature, 298 K

T m :

mould wall temperature, K

T gly :

glycerol temperature, K

y iexp. :

experimental data i

y iteor. :

evaluated data i

w :

mass fraction

z :

position in mould, m

θ m :

Dimensionless mould wall temperature

ρ :

Density, kg m−3

λ :

Heat conductivity, J m−1 s−1 K−1

α :

Thermal diffusivity, m2 s−1

References

  1. Vergnaud JM, Bouzon J, (1992) Cure of thermosetting resins: modelling and experiments. Springer-Verlag, London

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kosar V, Gomzi Z (2001) Thermal effects of cure reaction for an unsaturated polyester in cylindrical moulds. Chem Biochem Eng Q 15:101–108

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kosar V, Gomzi Z (2004) In-depth analysis of the mathematical model of polyester thermosets curing. Eur Polym J 40:2793–2802

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Antonucci V, Giordano M, Hsiao KT, Advani SG (2002) A methodology to reduce thermal gradients due to the exothermic reactions in composites processing. Int J Heat Mass Transf 45:1675–1684

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Melnik RVN (2003) Computationally efficient algorithms for modelling thermal degradation and spiking phenomena in polymeric materials. Comput Chem Eng 73:1473–1484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Scott FT, Cook WD, Forsythe JS (2002) Photo-DSC cure kinetics of vinyl ester resin. I. Influence of temperature. Polymer 43:5839–5845

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Chu F, McKenna T, Lu S (1997) Curing kinetics of an acrylic resin/epoxy resin system using dynamic scanning calorimetry. Eur Polym J 33:837–840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Delahaye N, Marais S, Saiter JM, Metayer M (1998) Characterization of unsaturated polyester resin cured with styrene. J Appl Polym Sci 67:659–703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Plesu V, Vergnaud JM (1993) The effect of thermal parameters on the cure of a bulk moulding composite with polyester. Thermochemica Acta 228:83–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Martin JL (1999) Kinetic analysis of an asymetrical DSC peak in the curing of an unsaturated polyester resin catalysed with MEKP and cobalt octoate. Polymer 40:3451–3462

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Salla JM, Ramis X (1996) Comparative study of the cure kinetics of an unsaturated polyester resin using different procedures. Polym Eng Sci 36:835–850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Cook WD, Simon GP, Burchill PJ, Lau M, Fitch TJ (1997) Curing kinetics and thermal properties of vinyl ester resins. J Appl Polym Sci 64:769–781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Plesu V, Granger R, Bouzon J, Vergnaud JM (1994) Deconvolution of the thermal effects of the heat of conduction and heat of cure reaction for an unsaturated polyester. Thermochemica Acta 241:67–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kosar V, Gomzi Z, Antunović S (2005) Cure of polyester resin in a cylindrical mould heated by air. Thermochemica Acta 433:134–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Pusatcioglu SY, Hassler JC, Fricke AL (1979) Heats of reaction and kinetics of a thermoset polyester. J Appl Polym Sci 24:937–946

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Han CH, Lem KW (1983) The chemoreology and curing kinetics of unsaturated polyester resin. J Appl Polym Sci 28:3155–3183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kamal MR (1974) Thermoset characterization for moldability analysis. Polym Eng Sci 14:231–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yousefi A, Lafleur PG, Gauvin R (1997) Kinetic studies of thermoset cure reactions: a review. Polym Compos 18:157–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kenny JM, Maffezzoli A, Nicolais L (1990) A model for the thermal and chemorheological behaviour of thermset processing: (II) unsaturated polyester based composites. Compos Sci Technol 38:339–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hsiao KT, Little R, Restrepo O, Minaie B (2006) A study of direct cure kinetics characterization during liquid composite molding. Compos: Part A 37:925–933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Himmelblau DM (1970) Process analysis by statistical methods. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ozisik MN (1989) Boundary value problems of heat conduction. Dover Publications, New York

    Google Scholar 

  23. Schiesser WE, (1991) The numerical method of lines: integration of partial differential equations. Academic Press, San Diego

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. McGee SH (1982) Curing characteristics of particulate-filled thermosets. Polym Eng Sci 22:484–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kosar V, Gomzi Z (2004) Cure modeling of polyester thermosets in the copper mold. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 43:1277–1298

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Reaction Engineering and Catalysis, University of Zagreb, Savska c. 16, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia

    Vanja Kosar & Zoran Gomzi

Authors
  1. Vanja Kosar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zoran Gomzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vanja Kosar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kosar, V., Gomzi, Z. Crosslinking of a polyester resin in the heated plain sheet copper mould. Heat Mass Transfer 44, 1511–1518 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-008-0399-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-008-0399-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation