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Hydrochlorothiazide use is associated with the risk of cutaneous and lip squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study is to investigate the association between hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) use and the risk of cutaneous and lip squamous cell carcinoma development.

Methodology

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies. We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and LILACS. This study was registered in PROSPERO under protocol CRD42019129710. The meta-analysis was performed using the software Stata (version 12.0).

Results

A total of 2181 published studies referring to the theme were identified, from which six were included in this systematic review. Men were more frequently affected by cutaneous and lip squamous cell carcinoma than women, with a 1.42:1 ratio. The mean age for cutaneous and lip squamous cell carcinoma development was 73.7 years. This meta-analysis demonstrated a chance of developing cutaneous and lip squamous cell carcinoma in any region of the body in hydrochlorothiazide users of 1.76-fold higher than in non-users. In addition, a risk factor of 1.80 higher (CI 95% = 1.71–1.89) of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck region was observed in HCTZ users. Moreover, in the analysis of the dose used, the chance of developing squamous cell carcinoma was 3.37-fold lower when the concentration of HCTZ used was less than 50,000 mg.

Conclusions

Our results confirm the association between the use of hydrochlorothiazide and the cutaneous and lip squamous cell carcinoma development.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil), and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES, Brazil).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Federal University of Rio Grande of Norte, Natal-RN, Brazil

    Ana Cláudia de Macedo Andrade, Fernanda Aragão Felix, Glória Maria França, Carlos Augusto Galvão Barboza & Antônio de Lisboa Lopes Costa

  2. Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil

    Isabella Lima Arrais Ribeiro & Ricardo Dias de Castro

  3. Department of Dentistry-UFRN, Natal-RN, Brazil

    Ana Cláudia de Macedo Andrade, Fernanda Aragão Felix, Glória Maria França, Carlos Augusto Galvão Barboza & Antônio de Lisboa Lopes Costa

  4. Department of Dentistry-UFPB, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil

    Isabella Lima Arrais Ribeiro & Ricardo Dias de Castro

Authors
  1. Ana Cláudia de Macedo Andrade
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  2. Fernanda Aragão Felix
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  3. Glória Maria França
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  4. Isabella Lima Arrais Ribeiro
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  5. Carlos Augusto Galvão Barboza
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  7. Antônio de Lisboa Lopes Costa
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Contributions

Andrade, Felix and França had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Concept and design: Andrade, Felix and França. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors. Drafting of the manuscript: All authors. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Statistical analysis: Ribeiro and Andrade. Obtained funding: no one. Supervision, and administrative, technical, or material support: Costa, Castro and Barboza.

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Correspondence to Ana Cláudia de Macedo Andrade.

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de Macedo Andrade, A.C., Felix, F.A., França, G.M. et al. Hydrochlorothiazide use is associated with the risk of cutaneous and lip squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 78, 919–930 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-022-03299-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-022-03299-x

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