Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of fungal decay on elasticity and damping of small-diameter silver fir logs assessed by the transverse vibration resonant method

  • Original
  • Published:
Wood Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A number of studies have shown the ability of the vibration resonant method (VRM) to measure the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and the damping ratio (\(\xi\)) of calibrated wooden samples of various dimensions. This method based on free transverse vibrations was also studied to assess the decay extent in small stakes. Nevertheless, a need for investigations was identified in order to apply the method to decayed logs. Both decay and geometrical singularities brought heterogeneity not taken into account by the VRM. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of fungal decay on these two mechanical properties of small-diameter silver fir logs using the VRM. Fifty-five small-diameter logs were monitored over a decay process taking place in a greenhouse located near Grenoble (France). The MOE and \(\xi\) were measured in intact and decayed states. The results showed the reliability of the measurements of both properties. \(\xi\) was found to be independent of moisture content for wood above the fibre saturation point. The results validated the loss in MOE and the gain in \(\xi\) due to fungal activity. Thus, indicators based on the MOE and \(\xi\) were proposed and compared to quantify the decay extent. Indicators calculated from the first mode of vibration appeared to be relevant for that purpose. Future work is needed to validate indicators on structural size logs and to compare this quantitative assessment to those obtained by the standard EN 152 that currently serves as a benchmark.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alfredsen G, Larnoy E, Militz H (2006) Dynamic MOE testing of wood: the influence of wood protecting agents and moisture content on ultrasonic pulse and resonant vibration. Wood Res 51(1):11–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barré JB, Bourrier F, Cécillon L, Brancheriau L, Bertrand D, Thévenon MF, Rey F (2017) Predicting mechanical degradation indicators of silver fir wooden strips using near infrared spectroscopy. Eur J Wood Prod. doi:10.1007/s00107-017-1209-4

  • Barrett JD, Hong JP (2009) Moisture content adjustments for dynamic modulus of elasticity of wood members. Wood Sci Technol 44(3):485–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brancheriau L (2002) Expertise mecanique des sciages par analyses des vibrations dans le domaine acoustique (Dynamic analysis of sawing wood for strength grading). Ph.D. thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II (In French)

  • Brancheriau L, Bailleres H (2002) Natural vibration analysis of clear wooden beams: a theoretical review. Wood Sci Technol 36(4):347–365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brischke C, Rapp AO (2008) Influence of wood moisture content and wood temperature on fungal decay in the field: observations in different micro-climates. Wood Sci Technol 42(8):663

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bucur V (2006) Acoustics of wood. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • CEN (2003) EN 14251:2003. Structural round timber. Test methods. Technical report, Brussels, Belgium

  • CEN (2006) EN 15083-1:2005. Determination of the natural durability of solid wood against wood-destroying fungi—test methods. Technical report, Brussels, Belgium

  • CEN (2014) EN 252:2013. Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative in ground contact. Technical report, CEN, Brussels, Belgium

  • Cirad (2015) Tropix 7 version 7.5.1. doi:10.18167/74726f706978

  • Cruz H, Yeomans D, Tsakanika E, Macchioni N, Jorissen A, Touza M, Mannucci M, Loureno P (2015) Guidelines for on-site assessment of historic timber structures. Int J Archit Herit 9(3):277–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curling S, Clausen C, Winandy J (2002) Relationships between mechanical properties, weight loss, and chemical composition of wood during incipient brown-rot decay. Forest Prod J 52(7–8):34–39

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Silva CW (ed) (2005) Vibration and shock handbook. Mechanical engineering series. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlop JI (1983) Testing of poles by acoustic resonance. Wood Sci Technol 17(1):31–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson RF (1989) Vibration-test methods for dynamic-mechanical-property characterization. In: Pendleton RL, Tuttle ME (eds) Manual on experimental methods for mechanical testing of composites. Springer, Berlin, pp 151–164

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Green D, Gorman T, Evans J, Murphy J (2006) Mechanical grading of round timber beams. J Mater Civ Eng 18(1):1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grinda M, Göller S (2005) Some experiences with stake tests at BAM test fields and in the BAM fungus cellar. Part 1: Comparison of results of visual assessments and determinations of static modulus of elasticity (MOE). Document IRG/WP 05-20319. International Research Group on Wood Protection, p 28

  • Haines D, Leban JM, Herb C (1996) Determination of Young’s modulus for spruce, fir and isotropic materials by the resonance flexure method with comparisons to static flexure and other dynamic methods. Wood Sci Technol 30(4):253–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holz D (1996) Tropical hardwoods used in musical instruments—can we substitute them by temperate zone species? Holzforschung 50(2):121–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kretschmann D (2010) Mechanical properties of wood. In: Ross R (ed) Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material, chap 5. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison

  • Labonnote N, Ronnquist A, Malo KA (2013) Experimental evaluations of material damping in timber beams of structural dimensions. Wood Sci Technol 47(5):1033–1050

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundström T, Stoffel M, Stöckli V (2008) Fresh-stem bending of silver fir and Norway spruce. Tree Physiol 28(3):355–366

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Machek L, Militz RH, Sierra A (2001) As the influence of wood moisture content on dynamic modulus of elasticity measurements in durability testing. Holzforschung Holzverwertung 53(5):97–100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niklas KJ, Spatz HC (2010) Worldwide correlations of mechanical properties and green wood density. Am J Bot 97(10):1587–1594

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noetzli K, Boell A, Graf F, Sieber T, Holdenrieder O (2008) Influence of decay fungi, construction characteristics, and environmental conditions on the quality of wooden check-dams. Forest Prod J 58(4):72–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Obataya E, Norimoto M, Gril J (1998) The effects of adsorbed water on dynamic mechanical properties of wood. Polymer 39(14):3059–3064

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouis D (1999) Vibrational and acoustical experiments on logs of spruce. Wood Sci Technol 33(2):151–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouis D (2000) Detection of decay in logs through measuring the dampening of bending vibrations by means of a room acoustical technique. Wood Sci Technol 34(3):221–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Previati M, Canone D, Bevilacqua I, Boetto G, Pognant D, Ferraris S (2012) Evaluation of wood degradation for timber check dams using time domain reflectometry water content measurements. Ecol Eng 44:259–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R Core Team (2016) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/

  • Riggio M, Anthony RW, Augelli F, Kasal B, Lechner T, Muller W, Tannert T (2013) In situ assessment of structural timber using non-destructive techniques. Mater Struct 47(5):749–766

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandak A, Sandak J, Riggio M (2015) Assessment of wood structural members degradation by means of infrared spectroscopy: an overview. Struct Control Health Monit. doi:10.1002/stc.1777

  • Signal Developers (2015) Signal: signal processing. http://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/signal/

  • Stapel P, van de Kuilen JWG (2013) Effects of grading procedures on the scatter of characteristic values of European grown sawn timber. Mater Struct 46(9):1587–1598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tannert T, Anthony RW, Kasal B, Kloiber M, Piazza M, Riggio M, Rinn F, Widmann R, Yamaguchi N (2013) In situ assessment of structural timber using semi-destructive techniques. Mater Struct 47(5):767–785

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson WT, Dahleh MD (1998) Theory of vibration with applications, 5th edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkasalo E, Leban JM (2002) MOE and MOR in static bending of small clear 520 specimens of Scots pine, Norway spruce and European fir from Finland and France and their prediction for the comparison of wood quality. Paperi ja Puu/Paper and Timber 84(5):332–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Ross R, Mattson J, Erickson J, Forsman J, Geske E, Wehr M (2002) Nondestructive evaluation techniques for assessing modulus of elasticity and stiffness of small-diameter logs. Forest Prod J 52(2):79–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson GB, Wiemann MC (2010) Measuring wood specific gravity..correctly. Am J Bot 97(3):519–524

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodhouse J (1998) Linear damping models for structural vibration. J Sound Vib 215(3):547–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh CT, Hartz BJ, Brown CB (1971) Damping sources in wood structures. J Sound Vib 19(4):411–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zabel RA, Morrell JJ (1992) Wood microbiology: decay and its prevention. Academic Press, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work has been financed within the framework of Arc Environnement (Rhône Alpes Region, France).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Irstea, UR EMGR, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2 rue de la Papeterie-BP 76, 38402, St-Martin-d’Hères, France

    Jean Baptiste Barré, Franck Bourrier & Freddy Rey

  2. UR BioWooEB UMR AMAP, CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France

    Loïc Brancheriau

  3. INSA Lyon (National Institute of Applied Sciences of Lyon), Université de Lyon, 20, Avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne Cedex, France

    David Bertrand

Authors
  1. Jean Baptiste Barré
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Franck Bourrier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Loïc Brancheriau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. David Bertrand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Freddy Rey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jean Baptiste Barré.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Barré, J.B., Bourrier, F., Brancheriau, L. et al. Effects of fungal decay on elasticity and damping of small-diameter silver fir logs assessed by the transverse vibration resonant method. Wood Sci Technol 52, 403–420 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-017-0961-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-017-0961-2

Search

Navigation