Abstract
We describe a case harboring a homozygous CYP24A1 mutation with mild loss of function, first presenting with recurrent nephrolithiasis from the age of 22 onward, initially associated with hypercalcemia and low PTH concentrations. Over the years, hyperparathyroidism developed, resulting in more severe hypercalcemia. Also, kidney function deteriorated, most probably as a consequence of biopsy-proven nephrocalcinosis. Conventional treatment options for CYP24A1 mutation were not effective and/or tolerated (avoidance of sun exposure, diet, pamidronate, itraconazole). A total parathyroidectomy was performed resulting in a normocalcemic hypoparathyroidism without need for treatment with vitamin D analogs, a positive bone mineral balance and an improved kidney function.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Schlingmann KP, Kaufmann M, Weber S, Irwin A, Goos C, John U et al (2011) Mutations in CYP24A1 and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. N Engl J Med 365(5):410–421
Cools M, Goemaere S, Baetens D, Raes A, Desloovere A, Kaufman JM et al (2015) Calcium and bone homeostasis in heterozygous carriers of CYP24A1 mutations: a cross-sectional study. Bone 81:89–96
Nesterova G, Malicdan MC, Yasuda K, Sakaki T, Vilboux T, Ciccone C et al (2013) 1,25(OH)2D–24 hydroxylase (CYP24A1) deficiency as a cause of nephrolithiasis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8(4):649–657
Jacobs TP, Kaufman M, Jones G, Kumar R, Schlingmann KP, Shapses S et al (2014) A lifetime of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria finally explained. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(3):708–712
Keeffe DT, Tebben PJ, Kumar R, Singh RJ, Wu Y, Wermers RA (2016) Clinical and biochemical phenotypes of adults with monoallelic and biallelic CYP24A1 mutations: evidence of gene dose effect. Osteoporos Int 27(3):3121–3125
Vanderschueren D, Pye SR, O’Neill TW, Lee DM, Jans I, Billen J et al (2013) Active vitamin D (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D) and Bone health in middle-aged and elderly men: the european male aging study (EMAS). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(3):995–1005
Ketha H, Kumar R, Singh RJ (2016) LC-MS/MS for Identifying patients with CYP24A1 mutations. Clin Chem 62(1):236–242
Cavalier E, Huyghebaert L, Rousselle O, Bekaert AC, Kovacs S, Vranken L et al (2020) Simultaneous measurement of 25(OH)-vitamin D and 24,25(OH)2-vitamin D to define cut-offs for CYP24A1 mutation and vitamin D deficiency in a population of 1200 young subjects. Clin Chem Lab Med 58(2):197–201
Helmuth A, Konrad M, Schlingmann KP, Pasch A (2014) Hypercalcemia in a 60-year-old male. Kidney Int 85(1):219–221
Figueres ML, Linglart A, Bienaime F, Allain-Launay E, Roussey-Kessler G, Ryckewaert A et al (2015) Kidney function and influence of sunlight exposure in patients with impaired 24-hydroxylation of vitamin D due to CYP24A1 mutations. Am J Kidney Dis 65(1):122–126
Colussi G, Ganon L, Penco S, De Ferrari ME, Ravera F, Querques M et al (2014) Chronic hypercalcaemia from inactivating mutations of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1): implications for mineral metabolism changes in chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29(3):636–643
Evenepoel P, Daenen K, Bammens B, Claes K, Meijers B, Naesens M et al (2015) Microscopic nephrocalcinosis in chronic kidney disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 30(5):843–848
Tebben PJ, Singh RJ, Kumar R (2016) Vitamin D-mediated hypercalcemia: mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment. Endocr Rev 37(5):521–547
Tebben PJ, Milliner DS, Horst RL, Harris PC, Singh RJ, Wu Y, Foreman JW, Chelminski PR, Kumar R (2012) Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, and elevated calcitriol concentrations with autosomal dominant transmission due to CYP24A1 mutations: effects of ketoconazole therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(3):E423–E427
Bouillon R, Bikle D (2019) Vitamin D metabolism revised: fall of dogmas. J Bone Miner Res 34(11):1985–1992
Hawkes C, Dong L, Hakonarson H, Meyers KE, Thummel KE, Levine MA (2017) CYP3A4 Induction by rifampin: an alternative pathway for vitamin D inactivation in patients with CYP24A1 mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102(5):1440–1446
Loyer C, Leroy C, Molin A, Odou MF, Huglo D, Lion G et al (2016) Hyperparathyroidism complicating CYP24A1 mutations. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 77(5):615–619
Walker MD, Silverberg SJ (2018) Primary hyperparathyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14(2):115–125
Guilmette J, Sadow PM (2019) Parathyroid pathology. Surg Pathol Clin 12(4):1007–1019
Mizamtsidi M, Nastos C, Mastorakos G, Dina R, Viassiliou I, Gazouli M et al (2018) Diagnosis, management, histology and genetics of sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism: old knowledge with new tricks. Endocr Connect 7(2):R56–68
Brewer K, Costa-Guda J, Arnold A (2019) Molecular genetic insights into sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Relat Cancer 26(2):R53–72
Tassone F, Guarnieri A, Castellano E, Baffoni C, Attanasio R, Borretta G (2015) Parathyroidectomy halts the deterioration of renal function in primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(8):3069–3073
Caliskan M, Kizilgül M, Beysel S, Ucan B, Akcan F, Takir M et al (2019) Factors associated with glomerular filtration rate variation in primary hyperparathyroidism after parathyroidectomy. Turk J Med Sci 49(1):295–300
Minisola S, Gianotti L, Bhadada S, Silverberg SJ (2018) Classical complications of primary hyperparathyroidism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 32(6):791–803
Rejnmark L, Ejlsmark-Svensson H (2020) Effects of PTH and PTH hypersecretion on bone: a clinical perspective. Curr Osteopors Rep 18(3):103–114
Funding
KD receives grant from Flemish Fund for Scientific Research (FWO; 1196520N) not related to this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
This case report has been approved by the ethical committee of the University Hospitals Leuven.
Informed Consent
Written consent was obtained from the patient.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
David, K., Khalil, R., Hannon, H. et al. Therapy-Resistant Hypercalcemia in a Patient with Inactivating CYP24A1 Mutation and Recurrent Nephrolithiasis: Beware of Concomitant Hyperparathyroidism. Calcif Tissue Int 107, 524–528 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-020-00738-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-020-00738-8