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Characterization and anti-oxidant potential of polyphenolic biomarker compounds of Indian propolis: a multivariate and ANN-based approach

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Abstract

The current investigation emphasizes the characterization of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant potential, and mapping of biomarkers in propolis samples acquired from India. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS discovered 67 phytocompounds, including 39 flavonoids, 20 phenolic acids and their derivatives, along with carotenoids and phytosterols in northern Indian propolis. Compounds like: proanthocyanidins, iso-flavonoids, carotenoids, and phytosterols were only detected in particular region samples, recognized as biomarker compounds of specific locations. The spectrophotometric analysis quantified a higher concentration of total flavonoids (TFC) than total phenolic content (TPC) in propolis samples ranging from 228.76 and 214.62 mg QU/g and 137.02–122.13 mg GAE/g, respectively. In addition, antioxidant potential was confirmed highest in Himachal Pradesh propolis (HPP). Total antioxidant capacity (64.91 \(\pm 0.27\) mg Vit C/g), DPPH radical scavenging activity (94.76\(\hspace{0.17em}\pm \hspace{0.17em}0.88\)%), and FRAP (2.25 \(\pm 0.05\) mmol Fe2+/g) but lowest in Rajasthan propolis (RP). Further, HPLC estimated the highest concentration of beta-carotene (217.44 ± 0.58 mg/g) and galangin (184.63 ± 0.75 mg/g) in RP, whereas caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE, 174.65 ± 0.84 mg/g) was highest in HPP samples. Moreover, the antioxidant potency of extracts was efficiently forecasted with TPC, TFC, CAPE, galangin, and beta-carotene concentration using the artificial neural network. Furthermore, principal component analysis recognized three principal components, revealed 98.1% of the variation and well established the dissimilarities in Indian propolis.

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The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are grateful to Mr. Jagtar Singh—the progressive beekeeper for collection and donation of the bee propolis samples for current investigation. As well as a special thanks to Pratik Gorde for helping in ANN data modeling. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. In addition, no AI or AI-assisted tool has been used in the preparation of this manuscript.

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  1. Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longwal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Longowal, Punjab, 148106, India

    Kirty Pant & Vikas Nanda

  2. Department of Chemistry, Sant Longwal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Longowal, Punjab, 148106, India

    Harish Kumar Chopra

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Pant, K., Chopra, H.K. & Nanda, V. Characterization and anti-oxidant potential of polyphenolic biomarker compounds of Indian propolis: a multivariate and ANN-based approach. Eur Food Res Technol 250, 253–271 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-023-04384-w

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