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Breakfast consumption induces retarded release of chlorogenic acid metabolites in humans

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Abstract

Coffee is the main source of chlorogenic acids (CGAs) in human nutrition. In this study, one main point of interest was whether the simultaneous consumption of coffee and food affects the absorption and bioavailability of CGAs. Fourteen healthy participants consumed pure instant coffee (T1), or coffee with either a high-carbohydrate (T2) or a high-fat meal (T3). All volunteers consumed the same quantity of CGAs (3.1 mg CGA/kg bw), and blood and urine samples were collected at various time points for up to 15 h and 24 h after consumption, respectively. Existing CGAs, and their respective metabolite concentrations, were determined using HPLC–ESI-MS/MS. The area under the curve (AUC) was the measure of CGA quantity in plasma samples collected after each treatment. We observed significantly greater CGA bioavailability after pure instant coffee consumption (T1) than with an additional consumption of a high-fat meal (T3). However, the difference in CGA bioavailability between pure coffee (T1) and coffee plus high-carbohydrate meal (T2) was not statistically significant. The latter observation held true when T3-samples were compared with T2-samples. When the metabolites were split into their respective classes, significant differences in the sums of AUC were observed only for some classes, and not among the treatments. Data did not show differences in the total bioavailability, but revealed differences in the kinetic of release. The co-ingestion of breakfast favored a slow and continuous release of colonic metabolites in contrast to the non-metabolized coffee components appearing in the first hour after coffee consumption. Urine samples collected over 24 h did not show any statistically significant differences among the treatments. Only samples collected within the first 6 h post-coffee consumption showed that the CGA quantities in urine samples collected after T1 and T3 were significantly greater than quantities with an additional consumption of carbohydrates (T2). Breakfast had no significant effect on CGA absorption from coffee. However, a shift in gastrointestinal transit time and in the plasma metabolite composition was observed. So breakfast consumption induces retarded release of chlorogenic acid metabolites in humans.

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Abbreviations

CGA:

Chlorogenic acid

3,4-diCQA:

3,4-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid

4,5-diCQA:

4,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid

5-CQA:

5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid

CA3S:

Caffeic-3′-O-sulfate

CA4S:

Caffeic-4′-O-sulfate

DHCA:

Dihydrocaffeic acid

DHCA3S:

Dihydrocaffeic-3′-O-sulfate

DHFA:

Dihydroferulic acid

DHFA4G:

Dihydroferulic-4′-O-glucuronide

DHFA4S:

Dihydroferulic-4′-O-sulfate

DHiFA:

Dihydroisoferulic acid

DHiFA3G:

Dihydroisoferulic-3′-O-glucuronide

5-FQA:

5-O-Feruloylquinic acid

3-FQA:

3-O-Feruloylquinic acid

4-FQA:

4-O-Feruloylquinic acid

FA4G:

Ferulic-4′-O-glucuronide

FA4S:

Ferulic-4′-O-sulfate

iFA:

Isoferulic acid

iFA3G:

Isoferulic-3′-O-glucuronide

mDHCoA:

Dihydro-m-coumaric acid

mDHCoAS:

Dihydro-m-coumaric-3′-O-sulfate

MeFA:

Methylferulic acid

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Acknowledgements

We thank Ingrid Hemm, Annika Witt, Dr. Nico Watzek, Sylvia Schmidt, Dr. Gina Montoya Para, and Lena Kuenzler for their help and support during this study. We would like to thank Nestlé Research Center (NRC), Lausanne, Switzerland, for providing essential reagents and materials as well as founding this clinical trial. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany

    D. Scherbl & E. Richling

  2. Nestlé Research Center, Vers-Chez-les Blanc, Switzerland

    M. Renouf, C. Marmet, L. Poquet, I. Cristiani, S. Dahbane, S. Emady-Azar, J. Sauser & F. Dionisi

  3. Hochgewanne 19, Gruenstadt, Germany

    J. Galan

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  1. D. Scherbl
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Correspondence to E. Richling.

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Some authors are affiliated with Nestlé Research Center (NRC).

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The research involved human subjects. The study was approved by the Landesärztekammer Rheinland-Pfalz (no. 837.014.11 (7556)).

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Scherbl, D., Renouf, M., Marmet, C. et al. Breakfast consumption induces retarded release of chlorogenic acid metabolites in humans. Eur Food Res Technol 243, 791–806 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-016-2793-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-016-2793-y

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