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Hyphenated techniques as tools for speciation analysis of metal-based pharmaceuticals: developments and applications

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Abstract

Method development and applications of hyphenated techniques as tools for speciation analysis of metal-based pharmaceuticals are summarized within this review. Advantages and limitations of the separation modes—high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and gas chromatography (GC)—as well as the detection modes—inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)—are discussed. ICP-MS detection is found to be advantageous for the quantification of drugs containing metals and other heteroatoms. The species-independent sensitivity and multielement capabilities of ICP-MS allow it to be used for quantification even when species-specific standards are not available, as well as to determine the stoichiometry in metallodrug–biomolecule interactions. Molecular information that is totally destroyed when ICP is applied as ionization source and is therefore not obtainable via ICP-MS detection can be accessed by the complementary technique of ESI-MS. Speciation analysis combining both elemental and molecular information is therefore a powerful tool for the analysis of metal-based pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in body fluids and other relevant matrices.

Method development and applications of hyphenated techniques as tools for speciation analysis of metal-based pharmaceuticals are summarized within this review. Advantages and limitations of both the separation modules and the detection modules mainly such as inductively coupled plasma- (ICP-MS) or electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESIMS) are discussed. ICP-MS detection is found to be advantageous for the quantification of drugs containing metals other heteroatoms while molecular information totally destroyed by the plasma and therefore not obtainable by means of ICP-MS detection is the domain of the complementary used ESI-MS.

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Abbreviations

2D:

Two-dimensional

AAS:

Atomic absorption spectroscopy

AFS:

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

AMP:

Adenosine monophosphate

APL:

Acute promyelocytic leukemia

ATO:

Arsenic trioxide

Auranofin:

[Tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-(glucopyranosyl)-thio](triethylphosphine)gold(I)]

BEOV:

bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV)

CE:

Capillary electrophoresis

(Cu-)DTPA:

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (copper complex)

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DRC:

Dynamic reaction cell

ECD:

Electron capture dissociation

EOF:

Electroosmotic flow

ESI-MS:

Electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry

(Fe-)DTPA:

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (iron complex)

GC:

Gas chromatography

Gd-BOPTA:

Gadobenate dimeglumine (Multihance)

Gd-BT-DO3A:

Gadobutrol (Gadovist)

Gd-DOTA:

Gadoteric acid (Dotarem)

Gd-DTPA:

Gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist)

Gd-DTPA-BMA:

Gadodiamide (Omniscan)

GMP:

Guanosine monophosphate

GSH:

Glutathione

Hb:

Hemoglobin

HILIC:

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HR:

High resolution

HTLC:

High-temperature liquid chromatography

IC:

Ion chromatography

ICP-AES:

Inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy

ICP-MS:

Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry

ICP-OES:

Inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

KP1019:

Indazolium [bis-indazoletetrachlororuthenate(III)]

KP1339:

Sodium [bis-indazoletetrachlororuthenate(III)]

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

MGd:

Motexafin gadolinium

MLu:

Motexafin lutetium

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

NAMI-A:

Imidazolium [trans-imidazolemethylsulfoxidetetrachlororuthenate(III)]

NSF:

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

(RP-)HPLC:

(Reverse-phase) high-performance liquid chromatography

SEC:

Size-exclusion chromatography

SPE:

Solid-phase extraction

SRIXE:

Synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray emission

TLC:

Thin-layer chromatography

UV/Vis:

Ultraviolet/visible (spectroscopy)

X-ray:

X-radiation

(Zn-)DTPA:

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (zinc complex)

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Acknowledgment

Prof. Dr. U. Karst is acknowledged for supporting this work.

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  1. Björn Meermann

    Present address: Federal Institute of Hydrology Department G2 - Aquatic Chemistry, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany

    Björn Meermann & Michael Sperling

  2. European Virtual Institute for Speciation Analysis (EVISA), Mendelstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany

    Michael Sperling

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  1. Björn Meermann
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Meermann, B., Sperling, M. Hyphenated techniques as tools for speciation analysis of metal-based pharmaceuticals: developments and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 403, 1501–1522 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-5915-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-5915-9

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