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Determination of 43 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air particulate matter by use of direct elution and isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

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Abstract

We are reporting a method for measuring 43 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their methylated derivatives (Me-PAHs) in air particulate matter (PM) samples using isotope dilution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS). In this method, PM samples were spiked with internal standards, loaded into solid phase extraction cartridges, and eluted by dichloromethane. The extracts were concentrated, spiked with a recovery standard, and analyzed by GC/HRMS at 10,000 resolution. Sixteen 13C-labeled PAHs and two deuterated Me-PAHs were used as internal standards to account for instrument variability and losses during sample preparation. Recovery of labeled internal standards was in the range of 86–115%. The proposed method is less time-consuming than commonly used extraction methods, such as sonication and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), and it eliminates the need for a filtration step required after the sonication extraction method. Limits of detection ranged from 41 to 332 pg/sample for the 43 analytes. This method was used to analyze reference materials from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The results were consistent with those from ASE and sonication extraction, and these results were also in good agreement with the certified or reference concentrations. The proposed method was then used to measure PAHs on PM2.5 samples collected at three sites (urban, suburban, and rural) in Atlanta, GA. The results showed distinct seasonal and spatial variation and were consistent with an earlier study measuring PM2.5 samples using an ASE method, further demonstrating the compatibility of this method and the commonly used ASE method.

A schematic illustration of the direct elution set up

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Abbreviations

PM:

Particulate matter

PM2.5 :

Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

ASE:

Accelerated solvent extraction

GC/MS:

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

GC/HRMS:

Gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry

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Acknowledgments

We greatly appreciate Dr. Michelle Schantz for consulting on NIST reference materials. We also thank Dr. Sangil Lee for providing the ASACA PM2.5 samples.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway F-53, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA

    Zheng Li, Erin N. Pittman, Debra A. Trinidad, Lovisa C. Romanoff & Andreas Sjödin

  2. School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA

    James Mulholland

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  1. Zheng Li
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  2. Erin N. Pittman
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  3. Debra A. Trinidad
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Correspondence to Zheng Li.

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Li, Z., Pittman, E.N., Trinidad, D.A. et al. Determination of 43 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air particulate matter by use of direct elution and isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 396, 1321–1330 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-3297-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-3297-4

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