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An exploration of the aversive properties of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in rats

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Abstract

Hypoglycemia can alter arousal and negatively impact mood. This study tests the hypothesis that acute drops in glucose metabolism cause an aversive state mediated by monoamine activity. In experiment 1, male Sprague-Dawley rats were either food deprived (FD) or pre-fed (PF) and tested on conditioned place avoidance (CPA; biased place conditioning design; 3 pairings drug/vehicle, each 30 min-long) induced by the glucose antimetabolite 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG; 0, 300 or 500 mg/kg, SC). Locomotion and blood glucose were also assessed. Experiment 2 examined whether clonidine (noradrenergic α2 agonist, 0, 10 or 40 μg/kg, SC) or bupropion (monoamine reuptake blocker, 0, 10 or 30 mg/kg, SC) could alter CPA induced by 500 mg/kg 2-DG. In experiment 3, blood corticosterone (CORT) was measured in response to 500 mg/kg 2-DG, alone or in combination with 40 μg/kg clonidine or 30 mg/kg bupropion. Finally, experiment 4 controlled for possible place conditioning induced by 10 or 40 μg/kg clonidine, or 10 or 30 mg/kg bupropion injected without 2-DG. It was found that 2-DG increased blood glucose and produced a robust CPA. The feeding status of the animals modulated these effects, including CORT levels. Both clonidine and bupropion attenuated the effects of 2-DG on CPA and CORT, but only bupropion reversed suppression of locomotion. Taken together, these results in rats suggest that impaired glucose metabolism can negatively impact arousal and mood via effects on HPA and monoamine systems.

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Acknowledgements

This study was part of the Canadian Biomarker Integration Network in Depression (CAN-BIND) program (www.canbind.ca). CAN-BIND is an Integrated Discovery Program carried out in partnership with, and financial support from, the Ontario Brain Institute, an independent non-profit corporation, funded partially by the Ontario government. The opinions, results, and conclusions are those of the authors, and no endorsement by the Ontario Brain Institute is intended or should be inferred.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada

    Thomas Horman, Maria Fernanda Fernandes, Benjamin Fuller, Melissa Tigert & Francesco Leri

  2. Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA

    Yan Zhou

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  1. Thomas Horman
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  2. Maria Fernanda Fernandes
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  3. Yan Zhou
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  4. Benjamin Fuller
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  5. Melissa Tigert
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  6. Francesco Leri
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Correspondence to Francesco Leri.

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Horman, T., Fernandes, M.F., Zhou, Y. et al. An exploration of the aversive properties of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in rats. Psychopharmacology 235, 3055–3063 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4998-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4998-1

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