Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Depletion of serotonin and catecholamines block the acute behavioral response to different classes of antidepressant drugs in the mouse tail suspension test

  • Original Investigation
  • Published:
Psychopharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Rationale

Few studies have investiga.ted whether the behavioral effects elicited by different types of antidepressant drugs are mediated by either serotonin (5-HT) or the catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA).

Objectives

By depleting 5-HT, or NE and DA, the present study investigated the contributions of these monoamines to the acute behavioral effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; fluoxetine and citalopram) and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs; desipramine and reboxetine) in the mouse tail suspension test (TST).

Results

Depletion of 5-HT tissue content by para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, completely blocked reductions of immobility by the SSRIs in the TST. In contrast, PCPA did not alter the behavioral effects of the NRIs. Inhibition of catecholamine synthesis by α-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT) reduced brain NE and DA tissue content, whereas disruption of vesicular storage with reserpine decreased brain NE, DA and 5-HT tissue content. However, neither treatment completely prevented responses to desipramine, fluoxetine, or citalopram in the TST. Depleting both newly synthesized and vesicular components of NE and DA transmission with a combination of reserpine and AMPT completely prevented the behavioral effects of desipramine, reboxetine, and fluoxetine and attenuated those of citalopram. Although PCPA did not alter baseline immobility, AMPT and reserpine increased baseline values in the TST.

Conclusions

These studies demonstrated that endogenous 5-HT synthesis mediates the behavioral effects of SSRIs, but not NRIs, in the TST. In contrast, disruption of the behavioral effects of NRI and SSRI antidepressants required disruption of both catecholamine synthesis and vesicular storage and release mechanisms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arango V, Underwood MD, Mann JJ (2002) Serotonin brain circuits involved in major depression and suicide. Prog Brain Res 136:443–453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baraban JM, Aghajanian GK (1980) Suppression of firing activity of 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe by alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists. Neuropharmacology 19:355–363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bechtholt AJ, Lucki I (2006) Effects of serotonin-related gene deletion on measures of anxiety, depression, and neurotransmission. In: Roth BL (ed) The serotonin receptors. Humana, Totowa NJ, pp 577–606

    Google Scholar 

  • Benkelfat C, Ellenbogen MA, Dean P, Palmour RM, Young SN (1994) Mood-lowering effect of tryptophan depletion. Enhanced susceptibility in young men at genetic risk for major affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:687–697

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berman RM, Sanacora G, Anand A, Roach LM, Fasula MK, Finkelstein CO, Wachen RM, Oren DA, Heninger GR, Charney DS (2002) Monoamine depletion in unmedicated depressed subjects. Biol Psychiatry 51:469–473

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beyer CE, Boikess S, Luo B, Dawson LA (2002) Comparison of the effects of antidepressants on norepinephrine and serotonin concentrations in the rat frontal cortex: an in-vivo microdialysis study. J Psychopharmacol 16:297–304

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borsini F, Cesana R (2001) Mechanism of action of flibanserin in the learned helplessness paradigm in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 433:81–89

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bortolozzi A, Artigas F (2003) Control of 5-hydroxytryptamine release in the dorsal raphe nucleus by the noradrenergic system in rat brain. Role of alpha-adrenoceptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:421–434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher SP, Fairbrother IS, Kelly JS, Arbuthnott GW (1988) Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in the rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study. J Neurochem 50:346–355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bymaster FP, Zhang W, Carter PA, Shaw J, Chernet E, Phebus L, Wong DT, Perry KW (2002) Fluoxetine, but not other selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, increases norepinephrine and dopamine extracellular levels in the prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology 160:353–361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cadoni C, Pinna A, Russi G, Consolo S, Di Chiara G (1995) Role of vesicular dopamine in the in vivo stimulation of striatal dopamine transmission by amphetamine: evidence from microdialysis and Fos immunohistochemistry. Neuroscience 65:1027–1039

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caldecott-Hazard S, Schneider LS (1992) Clinical and biochemical aspects of depressive disorders: III. Treatment and controversies. Synapse 10:141–168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervo L, Samanin R (1987) Potential antidepressant properties of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, a selective serotonin1A receptor agonist. Eur J Pharmacol 144:223–229

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervo L, Grignaschi G, Rossi C, Samanin R (1991) Role of central serotonergic neurons in the effect of sertraline in rats in the forced swimming test. Eur J Pharmacol 196:217–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cesana R, Ceci A, Ciprandi C, Borsini F (1993) Mesulergine antagonism towards the fluoxetine anti-immobility effect in the forced swimming test in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 45:473–475

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charney DS (1998) Monoamine dysfunction and the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. J Clin Psychiatry 59(Suppl 14):11–14

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen NH, Reith ME (1995) Monoamine interactions measured by microdialysis in the ventral tegmental area of rats treated systemically with (±)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin. J Neurochem 64:1585–1597

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrodi H, Hanson LC (1966) Central effects of an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylation. Psychopharmacologia 10:116–125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley JJ, Brodkin ES, Blendy JA, Berrettini WH, Lucki I (2006) Pharmacogenomic evaluation of the antidepressant citalopram in the mouse tail suspension test. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:2433–2442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cryan JF, Mombereau C (2004) In search of a depressed mouse: utility of models for studying depression-related behavior in genetically modified mice. Mol Psychiatry 9:326–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cryan JF, Page ME, Lucki I (2002) Noradrenergic lesions differentially alter the antidepressant-like effects of reboxetine in a modified forced swim test. Eur J Pharmacol 436:197–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cryan JF, O’Leary OF, Jin SH, Friedland JC, Ouyang M, Hirsch BR, Page ME, Dalvi A, Thomas SA, Lucki I (2004) Norepinephrine-deficient mice lack responses to antidepressant drugs, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:8186–8191

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cryan JF, Mombereau C, Vassout A (2005) The tail suspension test as a model for assessing antidepressant activity: review of pharmacological and genetic studies in mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29:571–625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado PL (2000) Depression: the case for a monoamine deficiency. J Clin Psychiatry 61(Suppl 6):7–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado PL (2004) How antidepressants help depression: mechanisms of action and clinical response. J Clin Psychiatry 65(Suppl 4):25–30

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado PL, Price LH, Miller HL, Salomon RM, Licinio J, Krystal JH, Heninger GR, Charney DS (1991) Rapid serotonin depletion as a provocative challenge test for patients with major depression: relevance to antidepressant action and the neurobiology of depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 27:321–330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado PL, Miller HL, Salomon RM, Licinio J, Heninger GR, Gelenberg AJ, Charney DS (1993) Monoamines and the mechanism of antidepressant action: effects of catecholamine depletion on mood of patients treated with antidepressants. Psychopharmacol Bull 29:389–396

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado PL, Price LH, Miller HL, Salomon RM, Aghajanian GK, Heninger GR, Charney DS (1994) Serotonin and the neurobiology of depression. Effects of tryptophan depletion in drug-free depressed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:865–874

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado PL, Miller HL, Salomon RM, Licinio J, Krystal JH, Moreno FA, Heninger GR, Charney DS (1999) Tryptophan-depletion challenge in depressed patients treated with desipramine or fluoxetine: implications for the role of serotonin in the mechanism of antidepressant action. Biol Psychiatry 46:212–220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eckeli AL, Dach F, Rodrigues AL (2000) Acute treatments with GMP produce antidepressant-like effects in mice. Neuroreport 11:1839–1843

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El Yacoubi M, Bouali S, Popa D, Naudon L, Leroux-Nicollet I, Hamon M et al (2003) Behavioral, neurochemical, and electrophysiological characterization of a genetic mouse model of depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6227–6232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finn IB, Iuvone PM, Holtzman SG (1990) Depletion of catecholamines in the brain of rats differentially affects stimulation of locomotor activity by caffeine, d-amphetamine, and methylphenidate. Neuropharmacology 29:625–631

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frazer A (2000) Norepinephrine involvement in antidepressant action. J Clin Psychiatry 61(Suppl 10):25–30

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garratt JC, Crespi F, Mason R, Marsden CA (1991) Effects of idazoxan on dorsal raphe 5-hydroxytryptamine neuronal function. Eur J Pharmacol 193:87–93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gavioli EC, Vaughan CW, Marzola G, Guerrini R, Mitchell VA, Zucchini S, De Lima TC, Rae GA, Salvadori S, Regoli D, Calo G (2004) Antidepressant-like effects of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor antagonist UFP-101: new evidence from rats and mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 369:547–553

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gobert A, Millan MJ (1999) Modulation of dialysate levels of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin (5-HT) in the frontal cortex of freely-moving rats by (−)-pindolol alone and in association with 5-HT reuptake inhibitors: comparative roles of beta-adrenergic, 5-HT1A, and 5-HT1B receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 21:268–284

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hajos-Korcsok E, McQuade R, Sharp T (1999) Influence of 5-HT1A receptors on central noradrenergic activity: microdialysis studies using (±)-MDL 73005EF and its enantiomers. Neuropharmacology 38:299–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hajos-Korcsok E, McTavish SF, Sharp T (2000) Effect of a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake inhibitor on brain extracellular noradrenaline: microdialysis studies using paroxetine. Eur J Pharmacol 407:101–107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harkin A, Shanahan E, Kelly JP, Connor TJ (2003) Methylenendioxyamphetamine produces serotonin nerve terminal loss and diminished behavioral and neurochemical responses to the antidepressant fluoxetine. Eur J Neurosci 18:1021–1027

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes A, Yang RJ, Murphy DL, Crawley JN (2002) Evaluation of antidepressant-related behavioral responses in mice lacking the serotonin transporter. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:914–923

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes ZA, Stanford SC (1998) Evidence from microdialysis and synaptosomal studies of rat cortex for noradrenaline uptake sites with different sensitivities to SSRIs. Br J Pharmacol 124:1141–1148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones MD, Lucki I (2005) Sex differences in the regulation of serotonergic transmission and behavior in 5-HT receptor knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:1039–1047

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby LG, Kreiss DS, Singh A, Lucki I (1995) Effect of destruction of serotonin neurons on basal and fenfluramine-induced serotonin release in striatum. Synapse 20:99–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koe BK, Weissman A (1966) p-Chlorophenylalanine: a specific depletor of brain serotonin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 154:499–516

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucki I, O’Leary OF (2004) Distinguishing roles for norepinephrine and serotonin in the behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs. J Clin Psychiatry 65(Suppl 4):11–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lucki I, Singh A, Kreiss DS (1994) Antidepressant-like behavioral effects of serotonin receptor agonists. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 18:85–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maes M, Meltzer HY (1995) The serotonin hypothesis of major depression.In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ (eds) Psychopharmacology: the fourth generation of progress. Raven, New York, pp 933–944

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayorga AJ, Dalvi A, Page ME, Zimov-Levinson S, Hen R, Lucki I (2001) Antidepressant-like behavioral effects in 5-hydroxytryptamine(1A) and 5-hydroxytryptamine(1B) receptor mutant mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298:1101–1107

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millan MJ (2006) Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacol Ther 110:135–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millan MJ, Lejeune F, Gobert A (2000) Reciprocal autoreceptor and heteroceptor control of serotonergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic transmission in frontal cortex: a review, and relevance to the actions of antidepressant agents. J Psychopharmacol 14:114–138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millan MJ, Gobert A, Lejeune F, Newman-Tancredi A, Rivet JM, Auclair A, Peglion JL (2001) S33005, a novel ligand at both serotonin and norepinephrine transporters: I. Receptor binding, electrophysiological, and neurochemical profile in comparison with venlafaxine, reboxetine, citalopram, and clomipramine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 298:565–580

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller HL, Delgado PL, Salomon RM, Berman R, Krystal JH, Heninger GR, Charney DS (1996) Clinical and biochemical effects of catecholamine depletion on antidepressant-induced remission of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:117–128

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary OF, Bechtholt AJ, Crowley JJ, Valentino RJ, Lucki I (2007) The role of noradrenergic tone in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the mouse in the acute behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17:215–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Page ME, Lucki I (2002) Effects of acute and chronic reboxetine treatment on stress-induced monoamine efflux in the rat frontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 27:237–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Page ME, Detke MJ, Dalvi A, Kirby LG, Lucki I (1999) Serotonergic mediation of the effects of fluoxetine, but not desipramine, in the rat forced swimming test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 147:162–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pudovkina OL, Cremers TI, Westerink BH (2003) Regulation of the release of serotonin in the dorsal raphe nucleus by alpha1 and alpha2 adrenoceptors. Synapse 50:77–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redrobe JP, Bourin M, Colombel MC, Baker GB (1998) Psychopharmacological profile of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, paroxetine: implication of noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms. J Psychopharmacol 12:348–355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ressler KJ, Nemeroff CB (2000) Role of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 12 (Suppl 1):2–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues AL, da Silva GL, Mateussi AS, Fernandes ES, Miguel OG, Yunes RA, Calixto JB, Santos AR (2002) Involvement of monoaminergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Siphocampylus verticillatus. Life Sci 70:1347–1358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shachar D, Klein E, Tabak A, Finberg JP (1997) Effect of single and repeated administration of fluvoxamine on noradrenaline release in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 332:237–243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon P, Hemet C, Ramassamy C, Costentin J (1995) Non-amphetaminic mechanism of stimulant locomotor effect of modafinil in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 5:509–514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soubrie P, Martin P, el Mestikawy S, Thiebot MH, Simon P, Hamon M (1986) The lesion of serotonergic neurons does not prevent antidepressant-induced reversal of escape failures produced by inescapable shocks in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25:1–6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spielewoy C, Roubert C, Hamon M, Nosten-Bertrand M, Betancur C, Giros B (2000) Behavioural disturbances associated with hyperdopaminergia in dopamine-transporter knockout mice. Behav Pharmacol 11:279–290

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steru L, Chermat R, Thierry B, Simon P (1985) The tail suspension test: a new method for screening antidepressants in mice. Psychopharmacology 85:367–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steru L, Chermat R, Thierry B, Mico JA, Lenegre A, Steru M, Simon P, Porsolt RD (1987) The automated tail suspension test: a computerized device which differentiates psychotropic drugs. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 11:659–671

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stockmeier CA (2003) Involvement of serotonin in depression: evidence from postmortem and imaging studies of serotonin receptors and the serotonin transporter. J Psychiatr Res 37:357–373

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki M, Matsuda T, Asano S, Somboonthum P, Takuma K, Baba A (1995) Increase of noradrenaline release in the hypothalamus of freely moving rat by postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor activation. Br J Pharmacol 115:703–711

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szabo ST, Blier P (2001a) Functional and pharmacological characterization of the modulatory role of serotonin on the firing activity of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons. Brain Res 922:9–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szabo ST, Blier P (2001b) Serotonin (1A) receptor ligands act on norepinephrine neuron firing through excitatory amino acid and GABA(A) receptors: a microiontophoretic study in the rat locus coeruleus. Synapse 42:203–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teste JF, Martin I, Rinjard P (1990) Electrotherapy in mice: dopaminergic and noradrenergic effects in the tail suspension test. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 4:39–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walther DJ, Bader M (2003) A unique central tryptophan hydroxylase isoform. Biochem Pharmacol 66:1673–1680

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman A, Koe BK, Tenen SS (1966) Antiamphetamine effects following inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 151:339–352

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wieland S, Lucki I (1990) Antidepressant-like activity of 5-HT1A agonists measured with the forced swim test. Psychopharmacology 101:497–504

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu F, Gainetdinov, RR, Wetsel WC, Jones SR, Bohn LM, Miller GW, Wang YM, Caron MG (2000) Mice lacking the norepinephrine transporter are supersensitive to psychostimulants. Nat Neurosci 3:465–471

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J, Callahan BT, McCann UD, Ricaurte GA (2001) Evidence against an essential role of endogenous brain dopamine in methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 77:1338–1347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan J, Cord BJ, McCann UD, Callahan BT, Ricaurte GA (2002) Effect of depleting vesicular and cytoplasmic dopamine on methylenedioxymethamphetamine neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 80:960–969

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zocchi A, Varnier G, Arban R, Griffante C, Zanetti L, Bettelini L, Marchi M, Gerrard PA, Corsi M (2003) Effects of antidepressant drugs and GR 205171, an neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist, on the response in the forced swim test and on monoamine extracellular levels in the frontal cortex of the mouse. Neurosci Lett 345:73–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zomkowski AD, Rosa AO, Lin J, Santos AR, Calixto JB, Rodrigues AL (2004) Evidence for serotonin receptor subtypes involvement in agmatine antidepressant like-effect in the mouse forced swimming test. Brain Res 1023:253–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Brad Hirsch in conducting parts of this study and Dr. John F. Cryan for helpful discussions. This research was supported by USPHS grants MH14654 and MH48125.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Olivia F. O’Leary

    Present address: Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

  2. Michelle E. Page

    Present address: Department of Neurosurgery, Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut Street Room 516, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA

    Olivia F. O’Leary, James J. Crowley & Irwin Lucki

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 125 South 31st Street, 2204 TRL, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-3403, USA

    Anita J. Bechtholt, Tiffany E. Hill & Irwin Lucki

  3. Department of Pharmacology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland

    Olivia F. O’Leary

Authors
  1. Olivia F. O’Leary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anita J. Bechtholt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. James J. Crowley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tiffany E. Hill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Michelle E. Page
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Irwin Lucki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Irwin Lucki.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

O’Leary, O.F., Bechtholt, A.J., Crowley, J.J. et al. Depletion of serotonin and catecholamines block the acute behavioral response to different classes of antidepressant drugs in the mouse tail suspension test. Psychopharmacology 192, 357–371 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-0728-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-007-0728-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation