Abstract
Cell culture and invertebrate animal models reflect a significant evolution in scientific research by providing reliable evidence on the physiopathology of diseases, screening for new drugs, and toxicological tests while reducing the need for mammals. In this review, we discuss the progress and promise of alternative animal and non-animal methods in biomedical research, with a special focus on drug toxicity.
Research Highlights
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Alternative methods can be effectively used to screen for toxic materials/drug dosages.
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The main advantages of the 3D cell culture include a high structural complexity, the simulation of cell-to-cell interactions, and the physiological behavior of cells in tissues.
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Invertebrate animals have been successfully used in scientific experimentation, with some outcomes similar to those observed in mammals.
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Change history
04 September 2023
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-023-03595-0
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Freires, I.A., Morelo, D.F.C., Soares, L.F.F. et al. Progress and promise of alternative animal and non-animal methods in biomedical research. Arch Toxicol 97, 2329–2342 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-023-03532-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-023-03532-1