Abstract
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)/nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAP) composite porous scaffolds with well-controlled pore architectures as well as high exposure of the bioactive ceramics to the scaffold surface were fabricated via selective laser sintering. Neat PLGA and the composite of PLGA/nano-HAP were used to obtain suitable process parameters. The effects of nano-HAP content on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The testing results showed that the compressive strength and modulus of the scaffolds were highly enhanced when the nano-HAP content reached from 0 to 20 wt%, while the mechanical properties experienced a sharp dropped with the nano-HAP content further increased. This might be due to the large reduction in polymer which decreased the interface bond strength between particles. It suggests that the introduction of nano-HAP as a reinforcing phase can improve the mechanical properties of the polymer porous scaffolds. The novel developed scaffolds may serve as a three-dimensional bone substrate in tissue engineering.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Tiainen H, Wiedmer D, Haugen HJ (2012) Processing of highly porous TiO2 bone scaffolds with improved compressive strength. J Eur Ceram Soc 33(1):15–24
Han WQ, Zhao JH, Tu M, Zeng R, Zg Z, Zhou CR (2012) Preparation and characterization of nanohydroxyapatite strengthening nanofibrous poly(L-lactide) scaffold for bone tissue engineering. J Appl Polym Sci 128(3):1332–1338
Leong KF, Chua CK, Sudarmadji N, Yeong WY (2008) Engineering functionally graded tissue engineering scaffolds. J Mech Behav Biomed 1(2):140–152
Armillotta A, Pelzer R (2008) Modeling of porous structures for rapid prototyping of tissue engineering scaffolds. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 39(5–6):501–511
Lohfeld S, Cahill S, Barron V, McHugh P, Dürselen L, Kreja L, Bausewein C, Ignatius A (2012) Fabrication, mechanical and in vivo performance of polycaprolactone/tricalcium phosphate composite scaffolds. Acta Biomater 8(9):3446–3456
Kolan KCR, Leu MC, Hilmas GE, Velez M (2012) Selective laser sintering of 13–93 bioactive glass bone scaffolds. Proceedings of the 4th Annual ISC Research Symposium:1–7
Chen Y, Mak AFT, Wang M, Li J, Wong MS (2006) PLLA scaffolds with biomimetic apatite coating and biomimetic apatite/collagen composite coating to enhance osteoblast-like cells attachment and activity. Surf Coat Tech 201(3–4):575–580
Wiria FE, Leong KF, Chua CK, Liu Y (2007) Poly-e-caprolactone/hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication via selective laser sintering. Acta Biomater 3:1–12
Chua CK, Leong KF, Cheah CM, Chua SW (2003) Development of a tissue engineering scaffold structure library for rapid prototyping. Part 2: parametric library and assembly program. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 21(4):302–312
Vorndran E, Klammert U, Ewald A, Barralet JE, Gbureck U (2010) Simultaneous immobilization of bioactives during 3D powder printing of bioceramic drug-release matrices. Adv Funct Mater 20:1585–1591
Savalani MM, Hao L, Zhang Y, Tanner KE, Harris RA (2007) Fabrication of porous bioactive structures using the selective laser sintering technique. Proc IMechE Part H: J Eng Med 221:873–886
Zhou WY, Lee SH, Wang M, Cheung WL (2007) Selective laser sintering of tissue engineering scaffolds using poly(L-lactide) microspheres. KEM 334–335:1225–1228
Cheah CM, Chua CK, Leong KF, Chua SW (2003) Development of a tissue engineering scaffold structure library for rapid prototyping. Part 1: investigation and classification. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 21(4):291–301
Liew CL, Leong KF, Chua CK, Du Z (2002) Dual material rapid prototyping techniques for the development of biomedical devices. Part 2: secondary powder deposition. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 19(9):679–687
Ma D, Lin F, Chua CK (2001) Rapid prototyping applications in medicine. Part 1: NURBS-based volume modelling. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 18(2):103–117
Pattnaik S, Nethala S, Tripathi A, Saravanan S, Moorthi A, Selvamurugan N (2011) Chitosan scaffolds containing silicon dioxide and zirconia nano particles for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 49(5):1167–1172
Yang S, Leong KF, Du ZH, Chua CK (2001) The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Part I. Traditional factors. Tissue Eng 7(6):679–689
Yen HC, Tang HH (2012) Study on direct fabrication of ceramic shell mold with slurry-based ceramic laser fusion and ceramic laser sintering. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 60(9–12):1009–1015
Saito E, Kang H, Taboas JM, Diggs A, Flanagan CL, Hollister SJ (2010) Experimental and computational characterization of designed and fabricated 50:50 PLGA porous scaffolds for human trabecular bone applications. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 21(8):2371–2383
Mainardes RM, Gremião MPD, Evangelista RC (2006) Thermoanalytical study of praziquantel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. Braz J Pharm Sci 42(4):523–530
Jain RA (2000) The manufacturing techniques of various drug loaded biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) devices. Biomaterials 21(23):2475–2490
Wu LB, Ding JD (2004) In vitro degradation of three-dimensional porous poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 25(27):5821–5830
Torres FG, Nazhat SN, Sheikh Md Fadzullah SH, Maquet V, Boccaccini AR (2007) Mechanical properties and bioactivity of porous PLGA/TiO2 nanoparticle-filled composites for tissue engineering scaffolds. Compos Sci Technol 67(6):1139–1147
Shuai CJ, Gao CD, Nie Y, Hu HL, Zhou Y, Peng SP (2011) Structure and properties of nano-hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering with a selective laser sintering system. Nanotechnology 22(28):1–9
Shuai CJ, Nie Y, Gao CD, Feng P, Zhuang JY, Zhou Y, Peng SP (2012) The microstructure evolution of nanohydroxyapatite powder sintered for bone tissue engineering. J Exp Nanosci 1–12. doi:10.1080/17458080.2011.606507
Li XW, Yasuda HY, Umakoshi Y (2006) Bioactive ceramic composites sintered from hydroxyapatite and silica at 1200 °C: preparation, microstructures and in vitro bone-like layer growth. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 17(6):573–581
Zhou HJ, Lee J (2011) Nanoscale hydroxyapatite particles for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 7(7):2769–2781
Zhou WY, Lee SH, Wang M, Cheung WL, Ip WY (2008) Selective laser sintering of porous tissue engineering scaffolds from poly(L-lactide)/carbonated hydroxyapatite nanocomposite microspheres. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 19(7):2535–2540
Wei GB, Ma PX (2004) Structure and properties of nano-hydroxyapatite/polymer composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 25(19):4749–4757
Duan B, Wang M, Zhou WY, Cheung WL, Li ZY, Lu WW (2010) Three-dimensional nanocomposite scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 6(12):4495–4505
Wiria FE, Chua CK, Leong KF, Quah ZY, Chandrasekaran M, Lee MW (2008) Improved biocomposite development of poly(vinyl alcohol) and hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication using selective laser sintering. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 19(3):989–996
Zhang PB, Hong ZK, Yu T, Chen XS, Jing XB (2009) In vivo mineralization and osteogenesis of nanocomposite scaffold of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and hydroxyapatite surface-grafted with poly(L-lactide). Biomaterials 30(1):58–70
Huang YX, Ren J, Chen C, Ren TB, Zhou XY (2008) Preparation and properties of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)/nano-hydroxyapatite (NHA) scaffolds by thermally induced phase separation and rabbit MSCs culture on scaffolds. J Biomater Appl 22(5):409–432
Shuai CJ, Gao CD, Nie Y, Hu HL, Qu HY, Peng SP (2010) Structural design and experimental analysis of a selective laser sintering system with nano-hydroxyapatite powder. J Biomed Nanotechnol 6(4):370–374
Simchi A, Pohl H (2003) Effects of laser sintering processing parameters on the microstructure and densification of iron powder. Mat Sci Eng A-Struct 359(1–2):119–128
Raghunath N, Pandey PM (2007) Improving accuracy through shrinkage modelling by using Taguchi method in selective laser sintering. Int J Mach Tool Manu 47(6):985–995
Tan KH, Chua CK, Leong KF, Cheah CM, Cheang P, Abu Bakar MS, Cha SW (2003) Scaffold development using selective laser sintering of polyetheretherketone–hydroxyapatite biocomposite blends. Biomaterials 24(18):3115–3123
Beal VE, Paggi RA, Salmoria GV, Lago A (2009) Statistical evaluation of laser energy density effect on mechanical properties of polyamide parts manufactured by selective laser sintering. J Appl Polym Sci 113(5):2910–2919
Salmori GV, Klauss P, Paggi RA, Kanis LA, Lago A (2009) Structure and mechanical properties of cellulose based scaffolds fabricated by selective laser sintering. Polym Test 28(6):648–652
Yu S, Liu JA, Wei M, Luo YR, Zhu XY, Liu YH (2009) Compressive property and energy absorption characteristic of open-cell ZA22 foams. Mater Design 30(1):87–90
Fereidoon A, Taheri SA (2012) Using finite element method to analyze the effect of microstructure on energy absorption properties of open cell polymeric foams. J Cell Plast 48(3):257–270
Castro G, Nutt SR (2012) Synthesis of syntactic steel foam using gravity-fed infiltration. Mat Sci Eng A-Struct 553(15):89–95
Hosseinabadi ME, Ashrafizadeh F, Etemadifar M, Venkatraman SS (2011) Evaluating and modeling the mechanical properties of the prepared PLGA/nano-BCP composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Technol 27(12):1105–1112
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shuai, C., Yang, B., Peng, S. et al. Development of composite porous scaffolds based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/nano-hydroxyapatite via selective laser sintering. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 69, 51–57 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5001-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5001-2