Zusammenfassung
In der muskuloskelettalen Forschung kommen für numerische Simulationen vorrangig die Finite-Elemente-Methode (FEM) und die Mehrkörpersimulation (MKS) zum Einsatz. Während mittels FEM meist lokale Feldprobleme wie Spannungs- und Dehnungsverteilungen berechnet werden, wird die MKS für kinematische Analysen z. B. zur Berechnung von Muskel- und Gelenkkräften angewendet. Die Modellierung von biologischem Gewebe kann je nach Anforderung von einfachem homogenem Materialverhalten bis zur Modellierung biochemischer Prozesse auf Mikro- und Nanoebene erfolgen. Einen wichtigen Meilenstein in der biomechanischen Forschung stellte die Analyse des „stress shielding“ dar, woraufhin Knochenumbauvorgänge in den Fokus der Simulation traten. Zahlreiche Modelle zur Verankerung von Implantaten mit Vorhersagen der Mikrobewegungen sind veröffentlicht. Die Einbeziehung komplexer Muskelkräfte aus der MKS in die FE-Analyse eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten zur Bearbeitung biomechanischer Fragestellungen. Ein numerisches Modell bedarf immer der experimentellen Validierung. Sofern die Ergebnisse experimentell bestätigt sind, können die zahlreichen Vorteile der Simulation genutzt werden: Probleme lassen sich isoliert von vielen Einflussfaktoren betrachten und Parameter können einfach und reproduzierbar variiert werden, wodurch Studien möglich sind, die auf experimentellem oder klinischem Wege meist unlösbar wären.
Abstract
Finite element analyses (FEA) as well as multibody system dynamics (MSD) are the main tools used for numerical simulation in the field of musculoskeletal research. While FEA is utilized for field problems, such as calculation of stress and strain distribution, MSD is applied for solving kinematic analyses, such as calculation of muscle and joint forces. Depending on the focus of investigation, modelling of biological tissue may vary from simple homogeneous behavior to modelling biochemical processes on the microscale and nanoscale. An important milestone in biomechanical research was the analysis of stress shielding, which led to further research on bone remodelling. Various models of implant-bone fixation used for the prediction of micromotion have been published. New possibilities for biomechanical analyses are achieved by consideration of complex muscle forces which are generated by MSD simulation and imported into FEA models as limiting conditions. A numerical model always requires experimental validation. If the results are confirmed experimentally, various advantages of numerical simulation apply and problems can be analysed isolated from many influencing factors. Therefore, straightforward parameter variation is possible, enabling studies which would be impossible in an experimental or clinical setup.
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Kluess, D., Hurschler, C., Voigt, C. et al. Einsatzgebiete der numerischen Simulation in der muskuloskelettalen Forschung und ihre Bedeutung für die Orthopädische Chirurgie. Orthopäde 42, 220–231 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-012-1949-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-012-1949-0