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Application of Focused Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction to the Determination of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Soil Samples

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Abstract

A simple and rapid focused ultrasound extraction (FU) based method is presented for the determination of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in soil using a gas chromatography coupled to a mass detector with electron impact ionization. The main experimental parameters affecting the FU step have been optimized by applying a PERMANOVA and PCO analysis allowing us to obtain a maximum amount of information with a minimum number of assays. The limits of detection for POPs fell within the 0.9–6.8 ng/g d.w. interval; a linear method was used with correlation coefficients (r) higher than 0.99. Recovery percentages at low concentrations (25 ng/g d.w.) were 75.8 %–110 %, and at high concentrations (75 ng/g d.w.) 82.3 %–109 %; the evaluated precision as RSD% of repeatability and reproducibility were within a range of 0.5 %–11 % and 0.3 %–18 %, respectively.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge grants and fellowships (Posdoctoral fellowship of Flores-Ramírez, R) from National Council for Science and Technology sectorial funds CONACYT-SALUD (#182121).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro Nacional de Bioanálisis (CENBIOS)-Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud, CIACYT, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico

    R. Flores-Ramírez, C. A. Ilizaliturri-Hernández, B. A. Zuki-Orozco, L. Batres-Esquivel & F. Díaz-Barriga

  2. Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico

    C. G. Castillo

  3. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    S. E. Medellín-Garibay

Authors
  1. R. Flores-Ramírez
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  2. S. E. Medellín-Garibay
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  3. C. G. Castillo
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  4. C. A. Ilizaliturri-Hernández
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  5. B. A. Zuki-Orozco
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  6. L. Batres-Esquivel
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  7. F. Díaz-Barriga
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to F. Díaz-Barriga.

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Flores-Ramírez, R., Medellín-Garibay, S.E., Castillo, C.G. et al. Application of Focused Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction to the Determination of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Soil Samples. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 95, 207–214 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1545-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1545-1

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