Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Experiences of pathways to mental health services for young people and their carers: a qualitative meta-synthesis review

  • Review
  • Published:
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 24 December 2020

This article has been updated

Abstract

Worldwide, growing concern with young people’s mental health is spurring service reform efforts. Such reform requires a full understanding of the experiences of young people and their carers when seeking mental health help. To generate such an understanding, we conducted a meta-synthesis of qualitative literature on the perspectives of youths and their carers on navigating mental health systems. Five electronic databases were searched (Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, HealthSTAR). Studies were included if they explored the experiences of pathways to mental health services of persons aged 11–30 years and/or their carers; were published in English or French; and used qualitative methodology. Quality appraisal was conducted using the CASP tool. The synthesis of 31 included studies yielded three themes—initiating contact with mental health services; characteristics of services’ response; and youths’ and carers’ appraisal of services. Themes about initiating contact included mental health literacy, structural barriers, and social support. Service response-related themes included complex pathways, waitlists, eligibility, and fragmented care. In terms of service appraisal, positive encounters featured providers who were accessible and perceived as caring. Negative appraisals resulted from feeling misunderstood and excluded and being ill-informed about treatment. Across diagnoses and settings, youths and carers had difficult experiences accessing mental healthcare. While individual, social, and healthcare factors shaping pathways to care varied, systemic complexities were a common inhibitor. This synthesis informs recommendations for improving mental health services and youths’ pathways to them. It underlines the need for grounding reform in youths’ and carers’ perspectives and needs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

References

  1. Kessler RC, Amminger GP, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Lee S, Ustün TB (2007) Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry 20(4):359–364. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Altamura A, Dell’Osso B, Mundo E, Dell’Osso L (2007) Duration of untreated illness in major depressive disorder: A naturalistic study. Int J Clin Pract 61(10):1697–1700

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kessler RC, Price RH (1993) Primary prevention of secondary disorders: a proposal and agenda. Am J Community Psychol 21(5):607–633

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Melle I, Larsen TK, Haahr U, Friis S, Johannesen JO, Opjordsmoen S, Rund BR, Simonsen E, Vaglum P, McGlashan T (2008) Prevention of negative symptom psychopathologies in first-episode schizophrenia: two-year effects of reducing the duration of untreated psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65(6):634–640

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Norman R, Malla A, Verdi M, Hassall L, Fazekas C (2004) Understanding delay in treatment for first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 34(2):255–266

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Owens PL, Hoagwood K, Horwitz SM, Leaf PJ, Poduska JM, Kellam SG, Ialongo NS (2002) Barriers to children’s mental health services. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41(6):731–738

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Gulliver A, Griffiths KM, Christensen H (2010) Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 10(1):113

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Rogler LH, Cortes DE (1993) Help-seeking pathways: a unifying concept in mental health care. Am J Psychiatry 150(4):554–561

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. MacDonald K, Fainman-Adelman N, Anderson KK, Iyer SN (2018) Pathways to mental health services for young people: a systematic review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 53(10):1005–1038

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Lincoln CV, McGorry P (1995) Who cares? Pathways to psychiatric care for young people experiencing a first episode of psychosis. Psychiatr Serv 46(11):1166–1171

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med 151(4):264–269

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Griffiths R, Mansell W, Edge D, Tai S (2019) Sources of distress in first-episode psychosis: a systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis. Qual Health Res 29(1):107–123

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. McTavish JR, Kimber M, Devries K, Colombini M, MacGregor JC, Wathen N, MacMillan HL (2019) Children’s and caregivers’ perspectives about mandatory reporting of child maltreatment: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. BMJ Open 9(4):e025741

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Sandelowski M, Barroso J (2006) Handbook for synthesizing qualitative research. Springer Publishing Company, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  15. Walsh D, Downe S (2005) Meta-synthesis method for qualitative research: a literature review. J Adv Nurs 50(2):204–211

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Programme CASP (2018) CASP qualitative checklist. [online] 4 April 2018. Available from: https://casp-uk.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CASP-Qualitative-Checklist-2018_fillable_form.pdf

  17. Sandelowski M, Docherty S, Emden C (1997) Qualitative metasynthesis: issues and techniques. Res Nurs Health 20(4):365–371

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Atkins S, Lewin S, Smith H, Engel M, Fretheim A, Volmink J (2008) Conducting a meta-ethnography of qualitative literature: lessons learnt. BMC Med Res Methodol 8:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-21

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Aisbett D, Boyd C, Francis KJ, Newnham K, Newnham K (2007a) Understanding barriers to mental health service utilization for adolescents in rural Australia. Rural Remote Health 7(624):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  20. Boyd C, Francis K, Aisbett D, Newnham K, Sewell J, Dawes G, Nurse S (2007) Australian rural adolescents’ experiences of accessing psychological help for a mental health problem. Aust J Rural Health 15(3):196–200

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Boydell KM, Pong R, Volpe T, Tilleczek K, Wilson E, Lemieux S (2006) Family perspectives on pathways to mental health care for children and youth in rural communities. J Rural Health 22(2):182–188

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ferrari M, Flora N, Anderson KK, Haughton A, Tuck A, Archie S, Kidd S, McKenzie K, A.P. Team (2018) Gender differences in pathways to care for early psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 12(3):355–361

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Platell M, Cook A, Martin K (2017) Barriers to mental health care for disadvantaged adolescents: perspectives of service providers. Adv Mental Health 15(2):198–210

    Google Scholar 

  24. Narendorf SC, Munson MR, Washburn M, Fedoravicius N, Wagner R, Flores SK (2017) Symptoms, circumstances, and service systems: pathways to psychiatric crisis service use among uninsured young adults. Am J Orthopsychiatry 87(5):585

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rickwood D, Deane FP, Wilson CJ, Ciarrochi J (2005) Young people’s help-seeking for mental health problems. Aust e-J Adv Ment Health 4(3):218–251

    Google Scholar 

  26. Chen FP, Gearing RE, DeVylder JE, Oh HY (2016) Pathway model of parental help seeking for adolescents experiencing first-episode psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 10(2):122–128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Logan DE, King CA (2002) Parental identification of depression and mental health service use among depressed adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41(3):296–304

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Anderson KK, Fuhrer R, Malla AK (2013) “There are too many steps before you get to where you need to be”: help-seeking by patients with first-episode psychosis. J Ment Health 22(4):384–395

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Jorm AF (2000) Mental health literacy: public knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders. Br J Psychiatry 177(5):396–401

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Jorm AF, Korten A, Rodgers B, Pollitt P, Jacomb P, Christensen H, Jiao Z (1997) Belief systems of the general public concerning the appropriate treatments for mental disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 32(8):468–473

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Cadario E, Stanton J, Nicholls P, Crengle S, Wouldes T, Gillard M, Merry SN (2012) A qualitative investigation of first-episode psychosis in adolescents. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 17(1):81–102

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ferrari M, Flora N, Anderson KK, Tuck A, Archie S, Kidd S, McKenzie K (2015) The African, Caribbean and European (ACE) pathways to care study: a qualitative exploration of similarities and differences between African-origin, Caribbean-origin and European-origin groups in pathways to care for psychosis. BMJ Open 5(1):e006562

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. McCann TV, Lubman DI (2012) Young people with depression and their experience accessing an enhanced primary care service for youth with emerging mental health problems: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry 12(1):96

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. McCann TV, Lubman DI, Clark E (2011) First-time primary caregivers’ experience accessing first-episode psychosis services. Early Interv Psychiatry 5(2):156–162

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Oruche UM, Gerkensmeyer J, Stephan L, Wheeler CA, Hanna KM (2012) The described experience of primary caregivers of children with mental health needs. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 26(5):382–391

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sadath A, Muralidhar D, Varambally S, Jose JP, Gangadhar B (2014) Caregiving and help seeking in first episode psychosis: a qualitative study. J Psychosoc Rehabil Ment Health 1(2):47–53

    Google Scholar 

  37. Skubby D, Bonfine N, Tracy H, Knepp K, Munetz MR (2015) The help-seeking experiences of parents of children with a first-episode of psychosis. Community Ment Health J 51(8):888–896

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tanskanen S, Morant N, Hinton M, Lloyd-Evans B, Crosby M, Killaspy H, Raine R, Pilling S, Johnson S (2011) Service user and carer experiences of seeking help for a first episode of psychosis: a UK qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry 11(1):157

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Nuri NN, Sarker M, Ahmed HU, Hossain MD, Beiersmann C, Jahn A (2018) Pathways to care of patients with mental health problems in Bangladesh. Int J Ment Health Syst 12:39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-018-0218-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Pescosolido BA, Gardner CB, Lubell KM (1998) How people get into mental health services: stories of choice, coercion and “muddling through” from “first-timers.” Soc Sci Med 46(2):275–286

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Boydell KM, Volpe T, Gladstone BM, Stasiulis E, Addington J (2013) Youth at ultra high risk for psychosis: using the revised network episode model to examine pathways to mental health care. Early Interv Psychiatry 7(2):170–186

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Cabassa LJ, Piscitelli S, Haselden M, Lee RJ, Essock SM, Dixon LB (2018) Understanding pathways to care of individuals entering a specialized early intervention service for first-episode psychosis. Psychiatr Serv 69(6):648–656

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Jansen JE, Wøldike PM, Haahr UH, Simonsen E (2015) Service user perspectives on the experience of illness and pathway to care in first-episode psychosis: a qualitative study within the TOP project. Psychiatr Q 86(1):83–94

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Webster S, Harrison L (2008) Finding a way: a grounded theory of young people’s experience of the pathway to mental health care. Aust J Adv Nurs 26(2):85

    Google Scholar 

  45. Gronholm PC, Thornicroft G, Laurens KR, Evans-Lacko S (2017) Conditional disclosure on pathways to care: coping preferences of young people at risk of psychosis. Qual Health Res 27(12):1842–1855

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Jansen JE, Pedersen MB, Hastrup LH, Haahr UH, Simonsen E (2018) Important first encounter: service user experience of pathways to care and early detection in first-episode psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 12(2):169–176

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Boulter E, Rickwood D (2013) Parents’ experience of seeking help for children with mental health problems. Adv Ment Health 11(2):131–142

    Google Scholar 

  48. Gerson R, Davidson L, Booty A, McGlashan T, Malespina D, Pincus HA, Corcoran C (2009) Families’ experience with seeking treatment for recent-onset psychosis. Psychiatr Serv 60(6):812–816

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Wong DF (2007) Crucial individuals in the help-seeking pathway of Chinese caregivers of relatives with early psychosis in Hong Kong. Soc Work 52(2):127–135

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nadeau L, Jaimes A, Johnson-Lafleur J, Rousseau C (2017) Perspectives of migrant youth, parents and clinicians on community-based mental health services: negotiating safe pathways. J Child Fam Stud 26(7):1936–1948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0700-1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Schnitzer G, Loots G, Escudero V, Schechter I (2011) Negotiating the pathways into care in a globalizing world: help-seeking behaviour of ultra-orthodox Jewish parents. Int J Soc Psychiatry 57(2):153–165

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Carr-Fanning K, Mc Guckin C (2018) The powerless or the empowered? Stakeholders’ experiences of diagnosis and treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Ireland. Ir J Psychol Med 35(3):203–212

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Novins DK, Spicer P, Fickenscher A, Pescosolido B (2012) Pathways to care: narratives of American Indian adolescents entering substance abuse treatment. Soc Sci Med 74(12):2037–2045

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Corcoran C, Gerson R, Sills-Shahar R, Nickou C, McGlashan T, Malaspina D, Davidson L (2007) Trajectory to a first episode of psychosis: a qualitative research study with families. Early Interv Psychiatry 1(4):308–315

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Pescosolido BA (1992) Beyond rational choice: the social dynamics of how people seek help. Am J Sociol 97(4):1096–1138

    Google Scholar 

  56. McGorry PD, Purcell R, Goldstone S, Amminger GP (2011) Age of onset and timing of treatment for mental and substance use disorders: implications for preventive intervention strategies and models of care. Curr Opin Psychiatry 24(4):301–306

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Penttilä M, Jääskeläinen E, Hirvonen N, Isohanni M, Miettunen J (2014) Duration of untreated psychosis as predictor of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 205(2):88–94

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Copeland W, Shanahan L, Costello EJ, Angold A (2011) Cumulative prevalence of psychiatric disorders by young adulthood: a prospective cohort analysis from the Great Smoky Mountains Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 50(3):252–261

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Edlund MJ, Wang PS, Berglund PA, Katz SJ, Lin E, Kessler RC (2002) Dropping out of mental health treatment: patterns and predictors among epidemiological survey respondents in the United States and Ontario. Am J Psychiatry 159(5):845–851

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Lavoie JAA (2018) Relative invisibility: an integrative review of careers’ lived experiences of a family member’s emergency mental health crisis. Soc Work Ment Health 16(5):601–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332985.2018.1467845

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Stensrud B, Hoyer G, Granerud A, Landheim A (2015) “Responsible, but still not a real treatment partner”: a qualitative study of the experiences of relatives of patients on outpatient commitment orders. Issues Ment Health Nurs 36(8):583–591. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2015.1021939

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Costello EJ, He J-P, Sampson NA, Kessler RC, Merikangas KR (2014) Services for adolescents with psychiatric disorders: 12-month data from the national comorbidity survey-adolescent. Psychiatr Serv 65(3):359–366

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Gilmour L, Ring N, Maxwell M (2019) Review: the views and experiences of suicidal children and young people of mental health support services: a meta-ethnography. Child Adolesc Ment Health 24(3):217–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Rozin P, Royzman EB (2001) Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 5(4):296–320

    Google Scholar 

  65. Kelly N, Blake S, Plunkett A (2016) Learning from excellence in healthcare: a new approach to incident reporting. Arch Dis Child 101(9):788–791. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-310021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Saleebey D (1996) The strengths perspective in social work practice: extensions and cautions. Soc Work 41(3):296–305

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ross KAE, Law MP, Bell A (2016) Exploring healthcare experiences of transgender individuals. Transgend Health 1(1):238–249. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2016.0021

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Excellence, N.I.f.H.a.C (2013) Psychosis and schizophrenia in children and young people: recognition and management. (Clinical guideline 155). https://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG155, Editor

  69. Paul M, Ford T, Kramer T, Islam Z, Harley K, Singh S (2013) Transfers and transitions between child and adult mental health services. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 54:s36–s40. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.119198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Patel V, Saxena S, Lund C, Thornicroft G, Baingana F, Bolton P, Chisholm D, Collins PY, Cooper JL, Eaton J, Herrman H, Herzallah MM, Huang Y, Jordans MJD, Kleinman A, Medina-Mora ME, Morgan E, Niaz U, Omigbodun O, Prince M, Rahman A, Saraceno B, Sarkar BK, De Silva M, Singh I, Stein DJ, Sunkel C, UnUtzer J (2018) The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development. Lancet 392(10157):1553–1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31612-X

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Boydell KM, Hodgins M, Pignatiello A, Teshima J, Edwards H, Willis D (2014) Using technology to deliver mental health services to children and youth: a scoping review. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23(2):87–99

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Anderson K, Flora N, Archie S, Morgan C, McKenzie K (2014) A meta-analysis of ethnic differences in pathways to care at the first episode of psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 130(4):257–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Morgan C, Mallett R, Hutchinson G, Leff J (2004) Negative pathways to psychiatric care and ethnicity: the bridge between social science and psychiatry. Soc Sci Med 58(4):739–752

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Thorne S, Jensen L, Kearney M, Noblit G, Sandelowski M (2004) Qualitative metasynthesis: Reflections on methodological orientation and ideological agenda. Qual Health Res 14(10):1342–1365. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732304269888

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Soilemezi D, Linceviciute S (2018) Synthesizing qualitative research: reflections and lessons learnt by two new reviewers. Int J Qual Methods 17(1):1609406918768014. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406918768014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Malla A, Iyer S, McGorry P, Cannon M, Coughlan H, Singh S, Jones P, Joober R (2016) From early intervention in psychosis to youth mental health reform: a review of the evolution and transformation of mental health services for young people. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 51(3):319–326

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Iyer S, Mustafa S, Gariepy G, Shah J, Joober R, Lepage M, Malla A (2018) A NEET distinction: Youths not in employment, education or training follow different pathways to illness and care in psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 53(12):1401–1411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1565-3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Munson M, Jaccard J, Smalling S, Kim H, Werner JJ, Scott LD (2012) Static, dynamic, integrated, and contextualized: a framework for understanding mental health service utilization among young adults. Soc Sci Med 75(8):1441–1449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.039

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Baxter R, Taylor N, Kellar I, Lawton R (2016) What methods are used to apply positive deviance within healthcare organisations? A systematic review. BMJ Qual Saf 25(3):190–201

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Mechanic D (1986) The concept of illness behaviour: culture, situation and personal predisposition. Psychol Med 16(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700002476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Tang JYM, Wong GHY, Hui CLM, Lam MML, Chiu CPY, Chan SKW, Chung DWS, Tso S, Chan KPM, Yip KC, Hung SF, Chen EYH (2010) Early intervention for psychosis in Hong Kong–the EASY programme. Early Interv Psychiatry 4(3):214–219

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

    Kathleen MacDonald, Manuela Ferrari, Nina Fainman-Adelman & Srividya N. Iyer

  2. Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, Canada

    Kathleen MacDonald, Manuela Ferrari, Nina Fainman-Adelman & Srividya N. Iyer

  3. ACCESS Open Minds, Pan-Canadian Youth Mental Health Services Research Network, Montreal, Canada

    Kathleen MacDonald, Manuela Ferrari & Srividya N. Iyer

  4. Prevention and Early Intervention Program for Psychosis (PEPP), Montreal, Canada

    Kathleen MacDonald, Manuela Ferrari & Srividya N. Iyer

Authors
  1. Kathleen MacDonald
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Manuela Ferrari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nina Fainman-Adelman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Srividya N. Iyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kathleen MacDonald.

Additional information

The original version of this article contained an error in Figure 1. A previous version of this figure has been mistakenly used.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

MacDonald, K., Ferrari, M., Fainman-Adelman, N. et al. Experiences of pathways to mental health services for young people and their carers: a qualitative meta-synthesis review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 56, 339–361 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01976-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01976-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation