Zusammenfassung
Klinisches Problem
IgG4-assoziierte Erkrankungen sind insgesamt selten, aber in ihrer Inzidenz zunehmend. Ihr Pathomechanismus ist nur unzureichend verstanden. Multiorganbefall korreliert mit hoher Rezidivrate und aggressivem Krankheitsverlauf, weshalb Diagnose und Therapie trotz aller Schwierigkeiten schnell und effizient gemäß internationalen Richtlinien erfolgen müssen.
Therapeutische Standardverfahren
Derzeitiger Therapiestandard ist die initiale Therapie (Induktionstherapie) mit Glukokortikosteroiden über einen längeren Zeitraum, ggf. gefolgt von einer niedrig dosierten Erhaltungstherapie. Auch im Rezidivfall sind Steroide derzeit noch Mittel der ersten Wahl. Refraktäre Verläufe stellen ein seltenes, aber relevantes Problem dar.
Neue Therapieverfahren
Der B‑Zell-depletierende Antikörper Rituximab zeigt exzellente Ergebnisse in der Induktions- und Erhaltungstherapie. Das gute Wirkungsprofil wird mittelfristig sicherlich den derzeitigen Standard beeinflussen.
Diagnostik
Im Wesentlichen beruhen die zwischenzeitlich für verschiedene Organsysteme etablierten Algorithmen auf den folgenden Säulen: (i) Anamnese/körperliche Untersuchung, (ii) serologische Diagnostik, (iii) Organschwellung in der adäquat gewählten Bildgebung sowie (iv) histologisches Bild als Goldstandard.
Leistungsfähigkeit
Die derzeitigen Algorithmen erlauben in den meisten Fällen die Diagnosestellung.
Bewertung
IgG4-assoziierte Erkrankungen stellen eine wesentliche Differenzialdiagnose insbesondere auch tumoröser Erkrankungen dar. Es handelt sich häufig um eine Ausschlussdiagnose. Ein interdisziplinärer Ansatz ist essenziell für die schnelle Diagnosefindung und Therapieeinleitung.
Empfehlung für die Praxis
IgG4-Serumspiegel sind in Europa nur als eines von mehreren Diagnosekriterien anzusehen. Die Bildgebung muss organ- und krankheitsorientiert festgelegt werden.
Abstract
Clinical issue
IgG4-related diseases are rare but the incidence is continuously increasing. The pathophysiology is only incompletely understood. Multiorgan involvement correlates with high relapse rates, high serum IgG4 levels and an aggressive disease course, which is why diagnostics and therapy must be carried out rapidly and efficiently according to international guidelines despite all the difficulties.
Standard treatment
Currently the therapeutic standard is initial therapy (induction therapy) with glucocorticosteroids over a longer period of time and if necessary followed by low-dose maintenance therapy. Steroids are also the first choice therapy for management of relapses. Refractory disease courses are a rare but relevant problem.
Treatment innovations
The B‑cell depleting antibody rituximab has shown excellent results in terms of remission induction and also maintenance therapy. The good effectiveness profile is likely to change the current treatment regimen for IgG4-related diseases in the future.
Diagnostic work-up
The current diagnostic algorithms applicable for several organ systems are based on four major pillars: (i) patient history and physical examination, (ii) serological diagnostics, (iii) organ swelling in the appropriately selected imaging procedure and (iv) the histological picture as gold standard.
Performance
The currently used algorithms allow a diagnosis to be made in most cases.
Achievements
IgG4-related diseases are a relevant differential diagnosis, particularly of malignant diseases. It is often a diagnosis by exclusion. An interdisciplinary approach is essential for rapid diagnostics and induction of therapy.
Practical recommendations
In Europe IgG4 serum levels are just one of several diagnostic criteria. Imaging studies should be chosen according to the organ and disease manifestations.
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A. Kleger und T. Seufferlein geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.
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Kleger, A., Seufferlein, T. IgG4-assoziierte Erkrankung. Radiologe 56, 1035–1042 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-016-0163-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-016-0163-1