Skip to main content
Log in

Diabetes mellitus und Demenz

Diabetes mellitus and dementia

  • Schwerpunkt
  • Published:
Der Internist Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Diabetes mellitus, insbesondere der Typ 2, ist ein Risikofaktor für eine Demenzerkrankung. Das gilt für die Alzheimer- wie auch für die vaskuläre Demenz. Mitverantwortlich sind eine Schädigung der hirnversorgenden Gefäße durch den Diabetes mellitus und begleitende Risikofaktoren sowie eine Schädigung des Gehirns durch die milde chronische Entzündungskonstellation, die im Rahmen der Insulinresistenz auftritt. Darüber hinaus führt eine Insulinresistenz von Neuronen und Gliazellen zur Entstehung toxischer Stoffwechselprodukte wie Amyloid und Phospho-τ. Der kognitiven Störung bei Morbus Alzheimer geht häufig ein Gewichtsverlust voraus, stabil auf Insulin oder insulinotrope orale Antidiabetika eingestellte Diabetiker haben daher ein hohes Risiko schwerer Hypoglykämien, die dann zu einer weiteren Verschlechterung der Hirnfunktion führen. Diabetiker mit unerklärtem Gewichtsverlust, gehäuften Hypoglykämien und subjektiven Gedächtnisbeschwerden müssen daher auf das Vorliegen einer Demenz untersucht werden. Wenn eine Demenz vorliegt, ändern sich die Ziele der Diabetesbehandlung. Die Vermeidung von Hypoglykämien hat Vorrang vor dem Ziel einer strengen Stoffwechseleinstellung. Gewichtsverlust verschlechtert den Verlauf einer Demenz, daher muss ein Gewichtsverlust vermieden werden. Ob eine strenge medikamentöse Blutzuckereinstellung im mittleren Lebensalter präventiv wirkt, ist bislang unbekannt. Dagegen wirken körperliche Aktivität, eine Ernährung, wie sie auch zur Prävention von kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen empfohlen wird, höhere Bildung und geistige Betätigung präventiv.

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes, is a risk factor for dementia and this holds true for incident vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Cerebrovascular complications of diabetes and chronic mild inflammation in insulin resistant states partly account for this increased risk. In addition, cellular resistance to the trophic effects of insulin on neurons and glial cells favor the accumulation of toxic metabolic products, such as amyloid and hyperphosphorylated tau protein (pTau). Weight loss frequently precedes overt cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. This results in an increased risk of hypoglycemic episodes in stable diabetic patients who are on suitably adjusted doses of oral insulin or insulinotropic antidiabetic drugs. In turn, hypoglycemic episodes may induce further damage in the vulnerable brains of type 2 diabetes patients. Patients with unexplained weight loss, hypoglycemic episodes and subjective memory complaints must be screened for dementia. Once dementia has been diagnosed the goals of diabetes management must be reevaluated as prevention of hypoglycemia becomes more important than tight metabolic control. As weight loss accelerates the rate of cognitive decline, nutritional goals must aim at stabilizing body weight. There is no available evidence on whether drug treatment of diabetes in middle-aged persons can help to prevent dementia; however, physical exercise, mental activity and higher education have preventive effects on the risk of dementia in later life. In addition, nutritional recommendations that are effective in preventing cardiovascular events have also been shown to reduce the risk of dementia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Abb. 1
Abb. 2

Literatur

  1. Besser LM, Gill DP, Monsell SE et al (2014) Body mass index, weight change, and clinical progression in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 28(1):36–43

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Crane PK, Walker R, Hubbard RA et al (2013) Glucose levels and risk of dementia. N Engl J Med 369(6):540–548

  3. Daviglus ML, Bell CC, Berrettini W et al (2010) National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference statement: preventing Alzheimer disease and cognitive decline. Ann Intern Med 153(3):176–181

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. De Felice FG, Ferreira ST (2014) Inflammation, defective insulin signaling, and mitochondrial dysfunction as common molecular denominators connecting type 2 diabetes to Alzheimer disease. Diabetes 63(7):2262–2272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Fitzpatrick AL, Kuller LH, Lopez OL et al (2009) Midlife and late-life obesity and the risk of dementia: cardiovascular health study. Arch Neurol 66(3):336–342

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Jacobson AM, Ryan CM, Cleary PA et al (2011) Biomedical risk factors for decreased cognitive functioning in type 1 diabetes: an 18 year follow-up of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) cohort. Diabetologia 54(2):245–255

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Johnson DK, Wilkins CH, Morris JC (2006) Accelerated weight loss may precede diagnosis in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 63(9):1312–1317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kleinridders A, Ferris HA, Cai W, Kahn CR (2014) Insulin action in brain regulates systemic metabolism and brain function. Diabetes 63(7):2232–2243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kopf D, Frölich L (2009) Risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease in diabetic patients: a systematic review of prospective trials. J Alzheimers Dis 16(4):677–685

  10. Kopf D, Rösler A (2013) Dementz: Diagnostik und Therapie. Internist (Berl) 54(7):827–843

  11. Launer LJ, Miller ME, Williamson JD et al (2011) Effects of intensive glucose lowering on brain structure and function in people with type 2 diabetes (ACCORD MIND): a randomised open-label substudy. Lancet Neurol 10(11):969–977

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. McEwen BS, Reagan LP (2004) Glucose transporter expression in the central nervous system: relationship to synaptic function. Eur J Pharmacol 490(1–3):13–24

  13. Nikolaus T, Bach M, Oster P, Schlierf G (1995) The timed test of money counting: a simple method of recognizing geriatric patients at risk for increased health care. Aging (Milano) 7(3):179–183

  14. Norton S, Matthews FE, Barnes DE et al (2014) Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: an analysis of population-based data. Lancet Neurol 13(8):788–794

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Pandini G, Pace V, Copani A et al (2013) Insulin has multiple antiamyloidogenic effects on human neuronal cells. Endocrinology 154(1):375–387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Power MC, Weuve J, Gagne JJ et al (2011) The association between blood pressure and incident Alzheimer disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology 22(5):646–659

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Punthakee Z, Miller ME, Launer LJ et al (2012) Poor cognitive function and risk of severe hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes: post hoc epidemiologic analysis of the ACCORD trial. Diabetes Care 35(4):787–793

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Qiu C, Sigurdsson S, Zhang Q et al (2014) Diabetes, markers of brain pathology and cognitive function: the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study. Ann Neurol 75(1):138–146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ramirez A, Wolfsgruber S, Lange C et al (2015) Elevated HbA1c is associated with increased risk of incident dementia in primary care patients. J Alzheimers Dis 44(4):1203–1212

  20. Sharp SI, Aarsland D, Day S et al (2011) Hypertension is a potential risk factor for vascular dementia: systematic review. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 26(7):661–669

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Whitmer RA, Karter AJ, Yaffe K et al (2009) Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 301(15):1565–1572

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Young SE, Mainous AG III, Carnemolla M (2006) Hyperinsulinemia and cognitive decline in a middle-aged cohort. Diabetes Care 29(12):2688–2693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Zeyfang A, Berndt S, Aurnhammer G et al (2012) A short easy test can detect ability for autonomous insulin injection by the elderly with diabetes mellitus. J Am Med Dir Assoc 13(1):81.e15–e18

Download references

Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. D. Kopf hat Vortragshonorare von den Firmen Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Berlin-Chemie und MSD erhalten.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Kopf.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kopf, D. Diabetes mellitus und Demenz. Internist 56, 520–526 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-014-3631-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00108-014-3631-6

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation