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Gründe für die Entstehung von Allergien bei Kindern

Reasons for the development of allergies in children

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Zusammenfassung

Allergien im Kindesalter sind in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich angestiegen. Neben Umweltfaktoren und Ernährung spielen v. a. genetische und epigenetische Mechanismen und das Mikrobiom der Kinder eine wichtige Rolle. Relevant ist hierbei, wie sich diese Einflüsse auf die frühe Immunentwicklung von angeborenem und erworbenem Immunsystem der Kinder auswirken. Deren komplexe Regulation ist wesentlich dafür, ob eine Allergie beim Kind entsteht, die sich v. a. in einer atopischen Dermatitis, einem Asthma bronchiale oder einer allergischen Rhinokonjunktivitis äußert, oder ob das Kind eine Immuntoleranz entwickelt. Diese Einflüsse können schon pränatal beginnen und bereits zu diesem Zeitpunkt für die spätere Immunentwicklung und Krankheitsentstehung ausschlaggebend sein.

Abstract

Allergies are one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood, contributing to a tremendous medical and economical burden in health care systems of most industrialized countries. The development of allergies is dependent on a complex interaction of—among others—environmental factors, nutrition, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms as well as the microbiome. These diverse factors can influence early life immune regulation including innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in a complex fashion. In case of any Childhood allergies have increased significantly in past decades. In addition to environmental factors and nutrition, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms as well as the microbiome of children play an important role. Of relevance is the way in which these diverse factors influence early immune development of the innate and adaptive immune systems of children. Their complex regulation is decisive for whether or not a child develops an allergy that manifests in most cases as atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, or allergic rhino conjunctivitis, or whether a child develops an immune tolerance. These influences can begin prenatally, already setting the course for later immune system development and occurrence of disease.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie Wiesbaden, An den Quellen 10, 65183, Wiesbaden, Deutschland

    L. Klimek

  2. Klinik für Hals-Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Deutschland

    B. Wollenberg & M. Koennecke

  3. Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals- Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland

    O. Guntinas-Lichius

  4. Klinik für Hals-, Nasen-und Ohrenheilkunde, Sektion Rhinologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland

    O. Pfaar

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  1. L. Klimek
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  2. B. Wollenberg
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Correspondence to L. Klimek.

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L. Klimek, B. Wollenberg, O. Guntinas-Lichius, O. Pfaar und M. Koennecke geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Klimek, L., Wollenberg, B., Guntinas-Lichius, O. et al. Gründe für die Entstehung von Allergien bei Kindern . HNO 67, 90–97 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00106-018-0595-1

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