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Kutane Leishmaniasis als Reisedermatose

Klinik, Diagnostik und Therapie

Cutaneous leishmaniasis as travelers’ disease

Clinical presentation, diagnostics and therapy

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Zusammenfassung

Die Leishmaniasis ist eine weltweit zunehmende Erkrankung, die in Deutschland v. a. bei Patienten nach Aufenthalten in klassischen Endemiegebieten wie dem Mittelmeerraum diagnostiziert wird. Ursache der Erkrankung ist eine Infektion mit einzelligen Parasiten des Genus Leishmania, die von Sandmücken übertragen werden und sich intrazellulär im Wirt vermehren. Je nach der inokulierten Leishmania-(Sub-)Spezies und dem Immunstatus des Patienten kommt es zur Entwicklung einer lokal kutanen, diffus kutanen, mukokutanen oder viszeralen Leishmaniasis. Die Hautleishmaniasis, die oft erst Wochen nach dem Stich einer Sandmücke in Erscheinung tritt, beginnt mit der Ausbildung einer Papel, die sich zu einem Ulkus weiterentwickeln kann. Dieses kann nach Monaten narbig abheilen, aber auch als nicht heilende chronische Hautleishmaniasis verlaufen. Bei Verdacht auf eine kutane Leishmaniasis ist in jedem Fall eine Hautbiopsie mit nachfolgender Erregerdiagnostik in einem spezialisierten Labor anzustreben. Bei der Entscheidung, welche Therapie durchgeführt werden sollte, müssen verschiedene Faktoren des Patienten (z. B. Anzahl und Lokalisation der Läsionen, Immunstatus) und v. a. die ursächliche Leishmanien-Spezies berücksichtigt werden. Zur Therapie stehen sowohl lokale Verfahren als auch systemisch applizierte Präparate zur Verfügung. Ein moderner und nebenwirkungsarmer Impfstoff existiert bisher nicht.

Abstract

Leishmaniasis is a disease with worldwide increasing incidence, which in Germany is almost exclusively observed in patients who have travelled to classical endemic regions such as the Mediterranean basin. Cause of the disease is an infection with protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, which are transmitted by sand flies and replicate intracellularly within mammalian hosts. Depending on the inoculated parasite (sub-) species and the immune status of the host, a local cutaneous, diffuse cutaneous, mucocutaneous or visceral form of leishmaniasis will develop. Cutaneous leishmaniasis, which frequently appears only weeks after the bite of a sand fly, starts with the formation of a papule, which subsequently can turn into a skin ulcer. The latter may heal spontaneously after months leaving behind a scar or persist as chronic, non-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis. If cutaneous leishmaniasis is suspected, a sterile skin biopsy followed by appropriate diagnostic measures in a specialized laboratory to identify the pathogen should be performed. For the decision on the type of therapy, several clinical parameters (e.g. number and localization of lesions, immune status) and, most importantly, the underlying parasite (sub-) species need to be considered. Therapy can consist of a variety of topical measures or systemic drug treatment. A modern and safe vaccine does not yet exist.

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von Stebut, E., Schleicher, U. & Bogdan, C. Kutane Leishmaniasis als Reisedermatose. Hautarzt 63, 233–249 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00105-012-2327-x

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