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Spektrum tuberkulöser Erkrankungen in der pneumologischen Praxis

Spectrum of Tuberculous Diseases in a Pulmonary Outpatient Clinic

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund:

Obgleich in Deutschland im Jahre 2006 die Inzidenz mit 6,6 Neuerkrankungen an Tuberkulose (TB) pro 100 000 Einwohner weiterhin rückläufig ist, bleibt die TB eine Erkrankung von erheblicher epidemiologischer Bedeutung.

Patienten und Methodik:

Von 04/2001 bis 07/2008 waren 75 Patienten einer internistisch-pneumologischen Praxis wegen einer TB (0,5% aller Patienten) behandelt worden. Die Kriterien einer aktiven TB erfüllten 58 (77,3%), die einer latenten Tuberkuloseinfektion (LTBI) 17 Patienten (22,7%). Der Anteil männlicher Patienten betrug 68,0% (Durchschnittsalter Männer 39,3 ± 16,9 Jahre [Mittelwert ± Standardabweichung], Frauen 46,8 ± 21,5 Jahre; p = nicht signifikant). In Deutschland waren 69,3% der Patienten geboren, 30,7% im Ausland. Einen ausschließlichen Lungenbefall hatten 84,5% Patienten, 8,6% wiesen zusätzliche Organbeteiligungen und 6,9% eine extrapulmonale TB auf. Mikrobiologisch gesichert wurden 62,1% der aktiven TB (51,7% mikroskopisch, 43,1% zusätzlich kulturell, 6,9% ausschließlich kulturell, 19,0% durch Polymerase-Kettenreaktion [PCR]).

Ergebnisse:

Von 23 Testungen zeigten 52,2% eine volle Sensibilität gegenüber den wichtigsten Erstrangmedikamenten Ethambutol (M), Isoniazid (H), Rifampicin (R), Pyrazinamid (Z) und Streptomycin (S). 13,0% hatten eine Monoresistenz gegen H (4,4%) oder S (8,6%), 4,4% eine Multiresistenz (MDR) gegen R und H, 30,4% eine Polyresistenz (S und H). Die Symptomatik war oft unspezifisch, wurde nicht beachtet oder fehlgedeutet.

Schlussfolgerung:

Die Diagnosefindung und Therapie einer aktiven oder latenten TB-Erkrankung bleiben weiterhin eine wichtige Aufgabe und Herausforderung, die der effektiven Zusammenarbeit ambulanter, klinischer und behördlicher Gesundheitseinrichtungen bedürfen.

Abstract

Background:

Although the incidence of 6.6 newly diagnosed tuberculosis (TB) cases per 100,000 inhabitants is in decline in Germany, TB remains a disease of significant epidemiologic importance.

Patients and Methods:

From 04/2001 to 07/2008, a total of 75 TB patients of an internal-pulmonary outpatient clinic had been treated (0.5% of all patients). 58 (77.3%) patients fulfilled the criteria of an active TB, 17 (22.7%) of latent tuberculous infection (LTBI). 68.0% were male (average age men 39.3 ± 16.9 years [mean ± standard deviation], women 46.8 ± 21.5 years; p = not significant). 69.3% of the patients were born in Germany, 30.7% abroad. 84.5% patients had isolated pulmonary, 8.6% additional organ involvement, and 6.9% isolated extrapulmonary TB. 62.1% of active TB cases were microbiologically proven (51.7% microscopically, 43.1% in addition culturally, 6.9% exclusively culturally, 19.0% by polymerase chain reaction [PCR]).

Results:

Of 23 tests, 52.2% were fully sensitive against the most important first-line drugs ethambutol (M), isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide (Z), und streptomycin (S). 13.0% had an isolated resistance against H (4.4%) or S (8.6%), 4.4% a multiple drug resistance (MDR) against R und H, 30.4% a polyresistance (S and H). Symptoms were quite often unspecific, not taken care of, or misinterpreted.

Conclusion:

Diagnosis and therapy of an active or latent TB illness remains, an important task and challenge, necessitating an effective cooperation of outpatient, hospital, and health authority institutions.

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Correspondence to Gerhard Hoheisel.

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Hoheisel, G., Vogtmann, M., Winkler, J. et al. Spektrum tuberkulöser Erkrankungen in der pneumologischen Praxis. Med Klin 103, 769–777 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-008-1120-1

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