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Effect of anodization on friction behavior of β‑titanium orthodontic archwires

Auswirkung einer Eloxierung auf das Friktionsverhalten von kieferorthopädischen β‑Titan-Bogendrähten

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Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the effects of anodization on the friction behavior of beta-titanium (β-Ti) orthodontic archwires in conventional or self-ligating brackets in vitro.

Methods

β‑Ti archwires (0.018 × 0.025 inch) pre- and postanodization were tested in combination with 0.022-inch stainless steel conventional and self-ligating brackets. The surface composition and oxide thickness of the β‑Ti archwires pre- and postanodization were measured using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Detailed surface topography and roughness were assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Surface topographies of the β‑Ti archwires pre- and postanodization were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Friction was measured using a universal testing machine; the data were statistically analyzed.

Results

Postanodization, the identified titanium oxide layer on the surface of the β‑Ti archwires increased in thickness from 10 to 100 nm; at the same time, the values for surface roughness were significantly reduced by half (p < 0.001). The archwire surfaces post anodization were harder and had fewer scratches after the friction test. Anodization significantly reduced 23.77% of the static (p < 0.01) and 25.61% of the kinetic (p < 0.001) friction of the β‑Ti archwires in conventional brackets, while it significantly reduced 85.71% of the static and 84.38% of the kinetic friction (p < 0.01) in self-ligating brackets.

Conclusion

Anodization reduced the β‑Ti archwire friction, which was particularly more effective in combination with self-ligating brackets. The friction reduction via anodization could be attributed to the increased thickness, surface hardness, and decreased surface roughness of the titanium oxide layer.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel

Untersucht werden sollten die Auswirkungen einer Eloxierung auf das Reibungsverhalten von kieferorthopädischen Bogendrähten aus β‑Titan (β-Ti) in konventionellen bzw. selbstligierenden Brackets in vitro.

Methoden

β‑Ti-Bögen (0,018 × 0,02 Inch) vor und nach der Eloxierung wurden in Kombination mit konventionellen und selbstligierenden Brackets aus Edelstahl (0,022 Inch) getestet. Die Oberflächenzusammensetzung und die Oxiddicke der β‑Ti-Bögen vor und nach der Eloxierung wurden mit Auger-Elektronenspektroskopie (AES) und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) bestimmt. Die detaillierte Oberflächentopografie und -rauheit wurde mittels Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) bewertet. Die Oberflächentopografien der β‑Ti-Bögen vor und nach der Eloxierung wurden mit dem Rasterelektronenmikroskop (REM) untersucht. Die Friktion wurde mit einer Universalprüfmaschine ermittelt; die Daten wurden statistisch ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse

Nach der Eloxierung nahm die Dicke der identifizierten Titanoxidschicht auf der Oberfläche der β‑Ti-Bögen von 10 auf 100 nm zu; gleichzeitig wurden die Werte für die Oberflächenrauheit signifikant um die Hälfte reduziert (p < 0,001). Nach der Eloxierung waren die Oberflächen der Bögen härter und hatten weniger Kratzer nach dem Friktionstest. Die Eloxierung reduzierte signifikant 23,77% der statischen (p < 0,01) und 25,61 % der kinetischen (p < 0,001) Reibung der β‑Ti-Bögen in konventionellen Brackets, während sie signifikant 85,71 % der statischen und 84,38 % der kinetischen Reibung (p < 0,01) in selbstligierenden Brackets reduzierte.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Eloxierung kann die Friktion des β‑Ti-Bogens reduzieren, besonders effektiv in Kombination mit selbstligierenden Brackets. Die Verringerung der Friktion durch die Eloxierung könnte auf die Zunahme der Dicke und der Oberflächenhärte sowie die Verringerung der Oberflächenrauhigkeit der Titanoxidschicht zurückzuführen sein.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the financial support of Chang Gung Tsing Hua cooperation project (Grant GMRPG361011) and the National Science Council of Taiwan (Grant NSC 96-2221-E-007-001).

Funding

This study was supported by the grants from Chang Gung Tsing Hua cooperation project (Grant CMRPG361011) and the National Science Council of Taiwan (Grant NSC 96-2221-E-007-001).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    Yueh-Tse Lee & Eric Jein-Wein Liou

  2. Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    Yueh-Tse Lee & Eric Jein-Wein Liou

  3. Department of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    Yueh-Tse Lee

  4. Department of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan

    Eric Jein-Wein Liou

  5. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan

    Li-Ling Huang, Hsin-Jay Wu & Sinn-Wen Chen

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  1. Yueh-Tse Lee
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Contributions

Yueh-Tse Lee conceptualized the study design, performed the archwire anodization and friction test, analyzed the data for the work, and wrote the manuscript. Eric Jein-Wein Liou conceptualized the study, interpreted the data for the work, and revised the manuscript. Li-Ling Huang, Hsin-Jay Wu, and Sinn-Wen Chen conducted the archwire anodization and friction test, and analyzed the data for the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eric Jein-Wein Liou.

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Conflict of interest

Y.-T. Lee, E.J.-W. Liou, L.-L. Huang, H.-J. Wu and S.-W. Chen declare that they have no competing interests.

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For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies performed were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.

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Lee, YT., Liou, E.JW., Huang, LL. et al. Effect of anodization on friction behavior of β‑titanium orthodontic archwires. J Orofac Orthop 84, 225–234 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00056-021-00347-6

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