Abstract
Simple spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of six quinolone antibiotics, namely, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and pefloxacin, in pharmaceutical formulations using three different salts of iron. These methods are based on the formation of complexes with ferric nitrate, ferric chloride, or iron ammonium citrate in which the carboxylic group of quinolones undergoes complexation with iron. The complexes formed in these reactions, having a brown color, were measured at their respective λmax values. The increase in absorbance was directly proportional to the concentration of quinolones and obeys Beer’s law in the range of 6–300 μg mL−1 (r ≥ 0.9999). The proposed methods were optimized and validated per the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization. The proposed methods were successfully employed for determination of these quinolones in pharmaceutical formulations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arayne MS, Sultana N, Siddiqui FA, Mirza AZ, Zuberi MH (2008) Spectrophotometric techniques to determine tranexamic acid; kinetic studies using ninhydrin and direct measuring using ferric chloride. J Mol Struct. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.04.026
Arayne MS, Sultana N, Rizvi SBS, Haroon U (2009) In vitro drug interaction studies of atorvastatin with ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and ofloxacin. Med Chem Res. doi:10.1007/s00044-009-9225-5
Belal F, Al-Majed AA, Al-Obaid AM (1999) Methods analysis 4-quinolone antibacterials. Talanta 50:765–786
Benesi HA, Hildebrand JH (1949) A spectrophotometric investigation of the interaction of iodine with aromatic hydrocarbons. J Am Chem Soc 71(8):2703–2707
Bhowal SK, Das TK (1991) Spectrophotometric determination of same recently introduced antibacterial drugs using ferric chloride. Anal Lett 24:25–37
British Pharmacopoeia (1999) British Pharmacopoeia, vol 1. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, pp 69–370, 1034–1035
Carlucci G (1998) Analysis of fluoroquinolones in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 812:343–367
Chen DK, McGeer A, Azavedo JCD, Low DE (1999) Decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones in Canada. N Engl J Med 341:233–239
Currie D, Lynas L, Kennedy DG, McCaughey WJ (1998) Evaluation of modified EC four-plate method to detect antimicrobial drugs. Food Addit Contam 15:651–660
Flurer CL (1997) Analysis of antibiotics by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 18:2427–2437
Franch MI, Ayllón JA, Peral J, Domènech X (2004) Fe(III)-photocatalysed degradation of low chain carboxylic acids. Implication of the iron salt. Appl Catal B Environ 50:89–99
Fratini L, Schapoval EES (1996) Ciprofloxacin determination by visible light spectrophotometry using iron(III) nitrate. Int J Pharm 127:279–282
Gopalakrishnan M, Thanusu J, Kanagarajan V (2007) Synthesis and biological evaluation of 5,7-diaryl-4,4-dimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyridino[3,4-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazoles. Med Chem Res 16:392–401
Ihrke PJ, Papich MG, Demanuelle TC (1999) The use of fluoroquinolones in veterinary dermatology. Vet Dermatol 10:193–204
Jayashree BS, Thomas S, Nayak Y (2009) Design and synthesis of 2-quinolones as antioxidants and antimicrobials: a rational approach. Med Chem Res. doi:10.1007/s00044-009-9184-x
Joshi S (2002) HPLC separation of antibiotics present in formulated and unformulated samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 28:795–809
Martin AN, Swarbrick J, Cammarata A (1969) Physical pharmacy, 3rd edn. Lee & Febiger, Philadelphia, p 344
Samanidou VF, Demetriou CE, Papadoyannis IN (2003) Direct determination of four fluoroquinolones, enoxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, in pharmaceuticals and blood serum by HPLC. Anal Bioanal Chem 375:623–629
Sanzgiri D, Knaub SR, Riley CM (1994) Quantitative determination of gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin and pefloxacin fluoroquinolonic antibiotics in pharmaceutical preparations by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Profiles Drug Subst Excipients 23:325–369
Shaharyar M, Ali MA, Abdullah MM (2007) Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of 1-[(sub)]-6-fluoro-3-[(sub)]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl-7-piperazino-1,4-dihydro-4-quinolinone derivatives. Med Chem Res 16:292–299
Sun SW, Chen LY (1997) Optimization of capillary electrophoretic separation of quinolone antibacterials using the overlapping resolution mapping scheme. J Chromatogr A 766:215–224
Venugopal K, Saha RN (2005) New, simple, and validated UV-spectrophotometric methods for the estimation of gatifloxacin in bulk and formulations. Il Farmaco 60:906–912
Wolfson JS, Hooper DC (1989) Introduction. In: Wolfson JS, Hooper DC (eds) Quinolone antimicrobial agents. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp 1–4
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Siddiqui, F.A., Arayne, M.S., Sultana, N. et al. Facile and manifest spectrophotometric methods for the determination of six quinolone antibiotics in pharmaceutical formulations using iron salts. Med Chem Res 19, 1259–1272 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-009-9268-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-009-9268-7