Abstract
In this paper, a new model reduction technique for the large-scale continuous time systems is proposed. The proposed technique is a mixed method of Routh approximation and factor division techniques. In this technique, the Routh approximation method is applied for determining the denominator coefficients of the reduced model and the numerator coefficients are calculated by the factor division method. The proposed technique has two main advantages as it gives the stable reduced-order model if the original model is stable and ensures the retention of first “r” number of time moments of the actual system in the rth-order reduced system. This method is also applicable for those systems for which Routh approximation method fails. To illustrate the proposed method, a real-time system model is reduced where the reduced model retains the fundamental properties of the actual model. In order to examine the efficiency, accuracy and comparison to other existing standard model reduction methods, the presented technique has been verified on two standard numerical examples taken from the literature.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
N. Ashoor, V. Singh, A note on lower order modeling. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 27(5), 1124–1126 (1982)
B. Bandyopadhyay, O. Ismail, R. Gorez, Routh–Padé approximation for interval systems. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 39(12), 2454–2456 (1994)
B. Bandyopadhyay, A. Upadhye, O. Ismail, γ–δ Routh approximation for interval systems. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 42(8), 1127–1130 (1997)
S. Biradar, Y.V. Hote, S. Saxena, Reduced-order modeling of linear time invariant systems using big bang big crunch optimization and time moment matching method. Appl. Math. Model. 40(15–16), 7225–7244 (2016)
A. Birouche, B. Mourllion, M. Basset, Model order-reduction for discrete-time switched linear systems. Int. J. Syst. Sci. 43(9), 1753–1763 (2012)
T.C. Chen, C.Y. Chang, Reduction of transfer functions by the stability-equation method. J. Frankl. Inst. 308(4), 389–404 (1979)
T.C. Chen, C.Y. Chang, K.W. Han, Model reduction using the stability-equation method and the Padé approximation method. J. Frankl. Inst. 309(6), 473–490 (1980)
T.C. Chen, C.Y. Chang, K.W. Han, Stable reduced-order Padé approximants using stability-equation method. Electron. Lett. 16(9), 345–346 (1980)
W. Chen, X. Li, Model predictive control based on reduced order models applied to belt conveyor system. ISA Trans. 65, 350–360 (2016)
S.R. Desai, R. Prasad, A novel order diminution of LTI systems using Big Bang Big Crunch optimization and Routh approximation. Appl. Math. Model. 37, 8016–8028 (2013)
F. Donida, F. Casella, G. Ferretti, Model order reduction for object-oriented models: a control systems perspective. Math. Comput. Model. Dyn. Syst. 16(3), 269–284 (2010)
L. Feng, J.G. Korvink, P. Benner, A fully adaptive scheme for model order reduction based on moment matching. IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Manuf. Technol. 5(12), 1872–1884 (2015)
L. Fortuna, G. Nunnari, A. Gallo, Model Order Reduction Techniques with Applications in Electrical Engineering (Springer, London, 1992)
S. Ghosh, N. Senroy, Balanced truncation approach to power system model order reduction. Electr. Power Compon. Syst. 41(8), 747–764 (2013)
P. Gutman, C. Mannerfelt, P. Molander, Contributions to the model reduction problem. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 27(2), 454–455 (1982)
L.C. Hibbeler, M.M.C. See, J. Iwasaki, K.E. Swartz, R.J.O. Malley, B.G. Thomas, A reduced-order model of mould heat transfer in the continuous casting of steel. Appl. Math. Model. 40(19–20), 8530–8551 (2016)
C.S. Hsieh, C. Hwang, Reduced-order modeling of MIMO discrete systems using bilinear block Routh approximants. J. Chin. Inst. Eng. 12(4), 529–538 (1989)
C.S. Hsu, D. Hsu, Reducing unstable linear control systems via real Schur transformation. Electron. Lett. 27(11), 984–986 (1991)
M.F. Hutton, B. Friedland, Routh approximations for reducing order of linear, time-invariant systems. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 20(3), 329–337 (1975)
C. Hwang, T.Y. Guo, L.S. Sheih, Model reduction using new optimal Routh approximant technique. Int. J. Control 55(4), 989–1007 (1992)
C. Hwang, K.Y. Wang, Optimal Routh approximations for continuous time systems. Int. J. Syst. Sci. 15(3), 249–259 (1984)
M. Imran, A. Ghafoor, V. Sreeram, A frequency weighted model order reduction technique and error bounds. Automatica 50, 3304–3309 (2014)
O. Ismail, B. Bandyopadhyay, R. Gorez, Discrete interval system reduction using Padé approximation to allow retention of dominant poles. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Fundam. Theory Appl. 44(11), 1075–1078 (1997)
C.Y. Jin, K.H. Ryu, S.W. Sung, J. Lee, I.B. Lee, PID auto-tuning using new model reduction method and explicit PID tuning rule for a fractional order plus time delay model. J. Process Control 24(1), 113–128 (2014)
H.J. Kojakhmetov, J.M.A. Scherpen, Model order reduction and composite control for a class of slow-fast systems around a non-hyperbolic point. IEEE Control Syst. Lett. 1(1), 68–73 (2017)
D. Kumar, S.K. Nagar, Reducing power system models by Hankel norm approximation technique. Int. J. Model. Simul. 33(3), 139–143 (2013)
D.K. Kumar, S.K. Nagar, J.P. Tiwari, A new algorithm for model order reduction of interval systems. Bonfring Int. J. Data Min. 3(1), 6–11 (2013)
V. Krishnamurthy, V. Seshadri, Model reduction using the Routh stability criterion. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 23(3), 729–731 (1978)
B.C. Kuo, Automatic control systems, 7th edn. (Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, 1995)
M. Lal, R. Mitra, Simplification of large system dynamics using a moment evaluation algorithm. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 19(5), 602–603 (1974)
G. Langholz, D. Feinmesser, Model order reduction by Routh approximations. Int. J. Syst. Sci. 9(5), 493–496 (1978)
A. Lepschy, U. Viaro, An improvement in the Routh–Padé approximation techniques. Int. J. Control 36(4), 643–661 (1982)
T.N. Lucas, Factor division: a useful algorithm in model reduction. IEE Proc. D Control Theory Appl. 130(6), 362–364 (1983)
B.C. Moore, Principal component analysis in control system: controllability, observability, and model reduction. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 26(1), 17–36 (1981)
A. Narwal, R. Prasad, A novel order reduction approach for LTI systems using cuckoo search optimization and stability equation. IETE J. Res. 62(2), 154–163 (2015)
A. Narwal, R. Prasad, Optimization of LTI systems using modified clustering algorithm. IETE Tech. Rev. 34(2), 201–213 (2016)
T.S. Nguyen, T.L. Duc, T.S. Tran, J.M. Guichon, O. Chadebec, G. Meunier, Adaptive multipoint model order reduction scheme for large-scale inductive PEEC circuits. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 59(4), 1143–1151 (2017)
Y. Ni, C. Li, Z. Du, G. Zhang, Model order reduction based dynamic equivalence of a wind farm. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 83, 96–103 (2016)
J. Pal, Stable reduced-order Padé approximants using the Routh-Hurwitz array. Electron. Lett. 15(8), 225–226 (1979)
D.P. Papadopoulo, D.V. Bandekas, Routh approximation method applied to order reduction of linear MIMO systems. Int. J. Syst. Sci. 55(4), 203–210 (1993)
G. Parmar, S. Mukherjee, R. Prasad, System reduction using factor division algorithm and Eigen spectrum analysis. Appl. Math. Model. 31, 2542–2552 (2007)
A.K. Prajapati, R. Prasad, Model order reduction by using the balanced truncation method and the factor division algorithm. IETE J. Res. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2018.1464971
A.K. Prajapati, R. Prasad, Order reduction of linear dynamic systems by improved Routh approximation method. IETE J. Res. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2018.1452645
A.K. Prajapati, R. Prasad, Padé approximation and its failure in reduced order modelling, in 1st Int. Conf. on Recent Innovations in Elect. Electr. and Comm. Sys. (RIEECS-2017), Dehradun, India (2017)
R. Prasad, Padé type model order reduction for multivariable systems using Routh approximation. Comput. Electr. Eng. 26(6), 445–459 (2000)
A. Ramirez, A.M. Sani, D. Hussein, M. Matar, M.A. Rahman, J.J. Chavez, A. Davoudi, S. Kamalasadan, Application of balanced realizations for model-order reduction of dynamic power system equivalents. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 31(5), 2304–2312 (2016)
E.R. Samuel, L. Knockaert, T. Dhaene, Matrix-interpolation-based parametric model order reduction for multiconductor transmission lines with delays. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs 62(3), 276–280 (2015)
G.V.K.R. Sastry, V. Krishnamurthy, Biased model reduction by simplified Routh approximation method. Electron. Lett. 23(20), 1045–1047 (1987)
G.V.K.R. Sastry, V. Krishnamurthy, Relative stability using simplified Routh approximation method (SRAM). IETE J. Res. 33(3), 99–101 (1987)
S.S. Sazhin, E. Shchepakina, V. Sobolev, Order reduction in models of spray ignition and combustion. Combust. Flame 187, 122–128 (2018)
G. Scarciotti, A. Astolfi, Data-driven model reduction by moment matching for linear and nonlinear systems. Automatica 79, 340–351 (2017)
G. Scarciotti, A. Astolfi, Model reduction of neutral linear and nonlinear time-invariant time-delay systems with discrete and distributed delays. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 61(6), 1438–1451 (2016)
Y. Shamash, Failure of the Routh-Hurwitz method of reduction. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 25(2), 313–314 (1980)
Y. Shamash, Linear system reduction using Padé approximation to allow retention of dominant modes. Int. J. Control 21(2), 257–272 (1975)
Y. Shamash, Model reduction using the Routh stability criterion and the Padé approximation technique. Int. J. Control 21(3), 475–484 (1975)
Y. Shamash, Stable biased reduced order models using the Routh method of reduction. Int. J. Syst. Sci. 11(5), 641–654 (1980)
Y. Shamash, Stable reduced-order models using Padé-type approximations. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 19(5), 615–616 (1974)
Y. Shamash, Truncation method of reduction: a viable alternative. Electron. Lett. 17(2), 79–98 (1981)
A. Sikander, R. Prasad, Linear time-invariant system reduction using a mixed methods approach. Appl. Math. Model. 39(16), 4848–4858 (2015)
A. Sikander, R. Prasad, Soft computing approach for model order reduction of linear time invariant systems. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 34(11), 3471–3487 (2015)
V. Singh, Non-uniqueness of model reduction using the Routh approach. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 24(4), 650–651 (1979)
N. Singh, R. Prasad, H.O. Gupta, Reduction of linear dynamic systems using Routh Hurwitz array and factor division method. IETE J. Educ. 47(1), 25–29 (2006)
N. Singh, R. Prasad, H.O. Gupta, Reduction of power system model using balanced realization, Routh and Padé approximation methods. Int. J. Model. Simul. 28(1), 57–63 (2008)
A.K. Sinha, J. Pal, Simulation based reduced order modelling using a clustering technique. Comput. Electr. Eng. 16(3), 159–169 (1990)
S. Timme, K.J. Badcock, A.D. Ronch, Gust analysis using computational fluid dynamics derived reduced order models. J. Fluids Struct. 71, 116–125 (2017)
H.F. Vanlandingham, B.Z. Yang, Model order reduction using a nonlinear model strategy. Int. J. Model. Simul. 12(2), 34–38 (2016)
C.B. Vishwakarma, Order reduction using modified pole clustering and Padé approximations. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Energ. Electron. Commun. Eng. 5(8), 998–1002 (2011)
C.B. Vishwakarma, R. Prasad, Clustering method for reducing order of linear system using Padé approximation. IETE J. Res. 54(5), 326–330 (2008)
B.W. Wan, Linear model reduction using Mihailov criterion and Padé approximation technique. Int. J. Control 33(6), 1073–1089 (1981)
Z.H. Xiao, Y.L. Jiang, Multi-order Arnoldi-based model order reduction of second-order time-delay systems. Int. J. Syst. Sci. 47(12), 2925–2934 (2016)
J. Yang, C.S. Chen, J.A.D.A. Garcia, Y. Xu, Model reduction of unstable systems. Int. J. Syst. Sci. 24(12), 2407–2414 (1993)
V. Zakian, Simplification of linear time invariant systems by moment approximations. Int. J. Control 18, 455–460 (1973)
A. Zilochian, Balanced structures and model reduction of unstable systems, in IEEE SOUTHEASTCON ‘91, Williamsburg, VA, USA (1991), pp. 1198–1201
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Prajapati, A.K., Prasad, R. Reduced-Order Modelling of LTI Systems by Using Routh Approximation and Factor Division Methods. Circuits Syst Signal Process 38, 3340–3355 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-018-1010-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00034-018-1010-6