Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Effects of Reduced Cigarette Smoking on Discounting Future Rewards: An Initial Evaluation

  • Published:
The Psychological Record Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To determine whether reduction of smoking via contingency management in depen-dent smokers would decrease the discounting of delayed reinforcers compared with smokers who did not reduce their smoking, moderate to heavy cigarette smokers were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: a contingency management condi-tion and a control condition. In three phases (baseline discounting determination for hypothetical money and cigarettes, implementation of a contingency management or control condition, and postintervention discounting determination), the procedure to reinforce reduction in cigarette smoking produced CO decreases in all subjects exposed to that procedure. Discounting decreased significantly for both cigarettes and money among the group for whom smoking reductions were reinforced, whereas the control group showed no significant change for either commodity. Reductions in smoking can lead to reductions in discounting, and increased discounting in current smokers may be a reversible effect of nicotine dependence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • ALLEN, T. J., MOELLER, G., RHOADES, H. M., & CHEREK, D. R. (1998). Impulsivity and history of drug dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 50, 137–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BAKER, F., JOHNSON, M. W., & BICKEL, W. K. (2003). Delay discounting in. Cupurrent and never-before cigarette smokers: Similarities and differences across commodity, sign, and magnitude. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 382–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BICKEL, W. K., & MARSCH, L. A. (2001). Towards a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: Delay discounting processes. Addiction, 96, 73–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BICKEL, W. K., ODUM, A. L., & MADDEN, G. L. (1999). Impulsivity and. Cigarette smoking: Delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers. Psychopharmacology, 146, 447–454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BRETTEVILLE-JENSEN, A. L. (1999). Addiction and discounting. Journal of Health and Economics, 18, 393–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DRAPER, N. R., & SMITH, H. (1981). Applied regression analysis (2nd ed.; pp.108–116). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAGERSTRÖM, K. O., & SCHNEIDER, N. G. (1989). Measuring nicotine dependence: A review of the Fagerström tolerance Questionnaire. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 159–182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • FERSTER, C. B., & SKINNER, B. F. (1957). Schedules of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • GIORDANO, L. A., BICKEL, W. K., LOEWENSTEIN, G., JACOBS, E. A., MARSCH, L., & BADGER, G. J. (2002). Mild opioid deprivation increases the degree that opioid-dependent outpatients discount delayed heroin and money. Psychopharmacology, 163, 174–182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • GREEN, L., MYERSON, J., LICHTMAN, D., ROSEN, S., & FRY, A. (1996). Temporal discounting in choice between delayed rewards: the role of age and income. Psychology of Aging, 11, 79-84.

    Google Scholar 

  • JARVIS, M. J., TUNSTALL-PEDOE, H., FEYERABEND, C., VESEY, C., & SALOOJEE, Y. (1987). Comparison of tests used to distinguish smokers from nonsmokers. American Journal of Public Health, 77, 1435–1438.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • JAVORS, M. A., HATCH, J. P., & LAMB, R. J. (2005). Cut-off levels for breath carbon monoxide as a marker for cigarette smoking. Addiction, 100, 159–167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • JOHNSON, M. W., BICKEL, W. K., & BAKER, F. (2007). Moderate drug use and delay discounting: a comparison of heavy, light, and never smokers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 187–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • JOHNSON, M. W., & BICKEL, W. K. (2002). Within-subject comparison of real and hypothetical money rewards in delay discounting. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 77, 129–146.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • KIRBY, K. N., & PETRY, N. M. (2004). Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or non-drug-using controls. Addiction, 99, 461–471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LAGORIO, C. H., & MADDEN, G. J. (2005). Delay discounting of real and. Hypothetical rewards III: Steady-state assessments, forced-choice trials, and all real rewards. Behavioural Processes, 69, 173–187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LOGUE, A. W. (1988). Research on self-control: An integrating framework. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 11, 665–709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MADDEN, G. J., PETRY, N. M., BADGER, G. J., & BICKEL, W. K. (1997). Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control participants: Drug and monetary rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 5, 256–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MADDEN, G. J., BEGOTKA, A. M., RAIFF, B. R., & KASTERN, L. L. (2003). Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 139–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MADDEN, G. J., RAIFF, B. R., LAGORIO, C. H., BEGOTKA, A. M., MUELLER, A. M., HEHLI, D. J, & Wegener, A. A. (2004). Delay discounting of potentially real and hypothetical rewards: II. Between- and within-subject comparisons. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 12, 251–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MAZUR, J. (1987). An adjusting procedure for studying delayed. Reinforcement. In M. Commons, J. Mazur, J. Nevin, & H. Rachlin (Eds.), The effect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value (pp. 55–73). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • MITCHELL, S. H. (1999). Measures of impulsivity in cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Psychopharmacology, 146, 455–464.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MITCHELL, S. H. (2004). Effects of short-term nicotine deprivation on. Decision-making: Delay, uncertainty, and effort discounting. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 6, 819–828.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MORABIA, A., BERNSTEIN, M. S., CURTIN, F., & BERODE, M. (2001). Validation of self-reported smoking status in simultaneous measurement of carbon monoxide and salivary thiocyanate. Preventive Medicine, 32, 82–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ODUM, A. L., MADDEN, G. J., & BICKEL, W. K. (2002). Discounting of delayed health gains and losses by current, never and ex-smokers of cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 4, 295–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ODUM, A. L., & RAINAUD, C. P. (2003). Discounting of delayed hypothetical money, alcohol, and food. Behavioural Processes, 64, 305–313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • PETRY, N. M. (2001). Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls. Psychopharmacology, 154, 243–250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • RACHLIN, H., RAINERI, A., & CROSS, D. (1991). Subjective probability and delay. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 55, 233–244.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • RICHARDS, J. B., ZHANG, L., MITCHELL, S. H., & DE WIT, H. (1999). Delay or probability discounting in a model of impulsive behavior: effect of alcohol. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 71: 121–143.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • ROLL, J. M., & HIGGINS, S. T. (2000). A within-subject comparison of three different schedules of reinforcement of drug abstinence using cigarette smoking as an exemplar. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 58, 103–109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UAMS center for Addiction research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., # 843, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA

    Richard Yi

  2. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA

    Matthew W. Johnson

  3. Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA

    Louis A. Giordano

  4. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA

    Reid D. Landes

  5. Burlington, USA

    Gary J. Badger

  6. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA

    Warren K. Bickel

Authors
  1. Richard Yi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Matthew W. Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Louis A. Giordano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Reid D. Landes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Gary J. Badger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Warren K. Bickel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Richard Yi.

Additional information

This work was performed at the University of Vermont in Burlington and was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse Grants RO1 DA 11692 and T32 DA 07242.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yi, R., Johnson, M.W., Giordano, L.A. et al. The Effects of Reduced Cigarette Smoking on Discounting Future Rewards: An Initial Evaluation. Psychol Rec 58, 163–174 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395609

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395609

Search

Navigation