Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Role ofLLD, a new locus for leaflet/pinna morphogenesis inPisum sativum

  • Articles
  • Published:
Journal of Biosciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Properties of a mutant at theLLD (LEAF-LET DEVELOPMENT) locus in peaPisum sativum L. are reported in this paper. Plants homozygous for the Mendelian recessive mutationlld bear leaves in which a few to many leaflets are incompletely developed. Opposite pinnae of rachis nodes often formed fused incompletely developed leaflets. Thelld mutation was observed to abort pinna development at almost all morphogenetic stages. Thelld mutation demonstrated high penetrance and low expressivity. The phenotypes oflld plants intl, tac, tl tac, tl af andtl af tac backgrounds suggested that LLD function is involved in the separation of lateral adjacent blastozones differentiated on primary, secondary and tertiary rachides and lamina development in leaflets. The aborted development of tendrils and leaflets inlld mutants was related to deficiency in vascular tissue growth. The morphological and anatomical features of the leaflets formed on atl lld double mutant permitted a model of basipetal leaflet development. The key steps of leaflet morphogenesis include origin of the lamina by splitting of a radially symmetrical growing pinna having abaxial outer surface, opposite to the vascular cylinder, through an invaginational groove, differentiation of adaxial surface along the outer boundary of split tissue in the groove and expansion of the lamina ridges so formed into lamina spans.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

af :

afila

AGO :

ARGONAUTE

Cu :

curl

CUC :

CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON

LBL :

LEAF BLADELESS

LP:

leaf primordium

Me:

mouse ears

NAM :

NO APICAL MERISTEM

PHAB :

PHABULOSA

PIN :

PIN FORMED

PNH :

PINHEAH

SAM:

shoot apical meristem

STM :

SHOOT MERISTEMLESS

tl :

tendriless

uni :

unifoliata

WUS:

WUSCHEL

References

  • Aida M, Ishida T and Tasaka M 1999 Shoot apical meristem and cotyledon formation duringArabidopsis embryogenesis: interactions among theCUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON andSHOOT MERISTEMLESS genes;Development 126 1536–1570

    Google Scholar 

  • Aloni R 1995 The induction of vascular tissues by auxin and cytokinin. inPlant hormones: Physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology (ed.) P J Davies (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers) pp 531–546

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Barton M K and Poethig R S 1993 Formation of shoot apical meristem inArabidopsis thaliana: an analysis of development in the wild type and theshoot meristemless mutant;Development 119 823–831

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlath T, Mattson J and Hardtke C S 2000 Vascular continuity and auxin signals;Trends Plant Sci. 5 387–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bharathan G, Janssen B J, Kellogg E A and Sinha N 1999 Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of theKNOTTED class of plant homeodomain proteins;Mol. Biol. Evol. 16 553–563

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blazquez M A, Green R, Nilsson O, Sussman M R and Weigel D 1998 Gibberellins promote flowering ofArabidopsis by activatingLEAFY promoter;Plant Cell 10 791–800

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohmert K, Camus I, Bellini C, Bouchez D, Coboche M and Benning C 1998AGO1 defines a novel locusof Arabidopsis controlling leaf development;EMBO J. 17 170–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne M, Timmermans M, Kidner C and Martienssen R 2001 Development of leaf shape;Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4 38–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carland F M, Berg B L, FitGerald J N, Jinamornphongs S, Nelson T and Keith B 1999 Genetic regulation of vascular tissue patterning inArabidopsis;Plant Cell 11 2123–2137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chuck G, Lincoln C and Hake S 1996KNAT-1 induces lobed leaves with ectopic meristems when over-expressed inArabidopsis;Plant Cell 8 1277–1289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coen E S, Romero J M, Doyle S, Elliot R, Murphy G and Carpenter R 1990Floricaula: a homeotic gene required for flower development inAntirrhinum majus;Cell 63 1311–1322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dengler N and Kang J 2001 Vascular patterning and leaf shape;Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4 50–56

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dengler N G 1984 Comparison of leaf development in normal (+/+), entire (e/e) andLanceolate (La/+) plants of tomato,Lycopersicon esculentum ‘Ailsa Craig’;Bot. Gaz. 145 66–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank M J, Liu D, Tsay Y F, Ustach C and Cranford N M 1997Tag-1 is an autonomous transposable element that shows somatic excision in bothArabidopsis and tobacco;Plant Cell 9 1745–1756

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gourlay C W, Hofer J M I and Ellis T H N 2000 Pea compound leaf architecture is regulated by interactions among the genesUNIFOLIATA, COCHLEATA, AFILA andTENDRIL-LESS;Plant Cell 12 1279–1294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagemann W and Gleissberg S 1996 Organogenetic capacity of leaves: the significance of marginal blastozones in angiosperms;Plant Syst. Evol. 199 121–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hareven D, Gutfinger T, Parnis A, Eshed Y and Lifschitz E 1996 The making of a compound leaf: genetic manipulation of leaf architecture in tomato;Cell 84 735–744

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofer J, Turner L, Hellens R, Ambrose M, Mathews P, Michael A and Ellis N 1997UNIFOLIATA regulates leaf and flower morphogenesis in pea;Curr. Biol. 7 581–587

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofer JM I and Ellis T H N 1998 The genetic control of patterning in pea leaves;Trends Plant Sci. 3 439–444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram G C, Doyle S, Carpenter R, Schulz E A, Simon R and Coen E S 1997 Dual role forFIMBRIATA in regulating floral homeotic genes and cell division inAntirrhinum majus;EMBO J. 16 6521–6534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram G C, Goodrich J, Wilkinson M D, Simon R, Haughn G W and Coen E S 1995 Parallels betweenUNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS andFIMBRIATA, genes controlling flower development inArabidopsis andAntirrhinum;Plant Cell 7 1501–1510

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssen B-J, Lund L and Sinha N 1998 Overexpression of a homeobox gene,LeT6, reveals indeterminate features in the tomato compound leaf;Plant Physiol. 117 771–786

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell M G and Lisch D R 2000 Transposable elements and host genome evolution;TREE 15 95–99

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim G T, Tsukaya H and Vchimiya H 1998 TheCurly Leaf gene controls both division and elongation of cells during the expansion of leaf blade inArabidopsis thaliana;Planta 175 175–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kujala V 1953 Felderbse bei welcher die ganze Blattspreite in Ranken umgewandelt ist;Arch. Soc. Zool. Bot. Fenn. 8 44–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S and Sharma S B 1986 Mutations in three of the genes determining thiamine biosynthesis inPisum sativum;Mol. Gen. Genet. 204 473–476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laufs P, Grandjean O, Jonak C, Kieu K and Trass J 1998 Cellular parameters of the shoot apical meristem inArabidopsis;Plant Cell 10 1357–1390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laux T and Jurgans G 1997 Embryogenesis: a new start in life;Plant Cell 9 989–1000

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laux T, Mayer K F X, Berger J and Jurgans G 1996 TheWUSCHEL gene is required for shoot and floral meristem integrity inArabidopsis;Development 122 87–96

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenhard M and Laux T 1999 Shoot meristem formation and maintenance;Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2 44–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin J Z and Meyerowitz E M 1995UFO: anArabidopsis gene involved in both floral meristem and floral organ development;Plant Cell 7 529–548

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln C, Long J, Yamaguchi J, Serikawa K and Hake S 1994 AKnotted-1 like homeobox gene inArabidopsis is expressed in the vegetative meristem and dramatically alters leaf morphology when overexpressed in transgenic plants;Plant Cell 6 1859–1876

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd A M, Hsu W and Pruitt R E 1998 Genetic analysis of organ fusion inArabidopsis thaliana;Genetics 149 607–619

    Google Scholar 

  • Long J A, Moan E I, Medford J I and Barton M K 1996 A member of theKNOTTED class of homeo-domain proteins encoded by the STM gene ofArabidopsis;Nature (London) 379 66–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu B, Villani P J, Watson J C, Darllen A D and Cooke T J 1996 The control of pinna morphology in wild-type and mutant leaves of the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.);Int. J. Plant Sci. 157 609–673

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn K, Fernandez A, Aida M, Sedbrook J, Tasaka M, Masson P and Barton M K 1999 ThePINHEAD/ZWILLE gene acts pleiotropically inArabidopsis development and has overlapping functions with theARGONAUTE-1 gene;Development 126 469–489

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marx G A 1987 A suite of mutants that modify pattern formation in pea leaves;Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5 331–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell J R and Barton M K 1998 Leaf polarity and meristem formation inArabidopsis;Development 125 2935–2942

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell J R and Barton M K 1995 Effect of mutations in thePINHEAD gene ofArabidopsis on the formation of the shoot apical meristems;Dev. Genet. 16 358–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mizukami Y and Fischer R 2000 Plant organ size control: AINTEGUMENTA regulates growth and cell numbers during organogenesis;Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 942–947

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parnis A, Cohen O, Gutfinger T, Hareven D, Zamir D and Lifschitz E 1997 The dominant development mutants of tomato,Mouse-ear andCurl, are associated with distinct modes of abnormal transcription regulation of aKnotted gene;Plant Cell 9 2143–2158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poethig R S 1997 Leaf morphogenesis in flowering plants;Plant Cell 9 1077–1087

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prajapati S 2001Inheritance studies in Pisum sativum and Papaver somniferum; Ph.D. thesis, Lucknow University, Lucknow

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyankov V I, Kondratchuk A V and Shipley B 1999 Leaf structure and specific leaf mass, the alpine desert plants of the eastern Pamirs, Tadjikistan;New Phytol. 143 131–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raven P H, Evert P F and Curtis H 1976Biology of plants (New York: Worth Publishers)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachs T 1991Pattern formation in plant tissues (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schneeberger R, Tsiantis M, Freeling M and Langdale J A 1998 Therough sheath 2 gene negatively regulates homeobox gene-expression during maize leaf development;Development 125 2857–2865

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma B and Kumar S 1981 Discovery of one more allele at thetac- locus ofPisum sativum;Pulse Crops News Lett. 1 21

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha N 1997 Simple and compound leaves: reduction or multiplication;Trends Plant Sci. 2 396–402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha N 1999 Leaf development in angiosperms;Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50 419–446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha N R, Williams R E and Hake S 1993 Overexpression of the maize homeobox geneKNOTTED-1, causes a switch from determinate to inderterminate cell fates;Genes Dev. 7 787–795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Souer E, Van Houwelingen A, Kloos D, Mol J and Koes R 1996 Theno apical meristem gene ofPetunia is required for pattern formation in embryos and flowers and is expressed at meristem and primordia boundaries;Cell 85 159–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szymkowiak E J and Sussex I M 1996 What chimeras can tell us about plant development;Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47 351–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi T, Gasch A, Nishizawa N and Chu N H 1995 TheDIMINUTO gene ofArabidopsis is involved in regulating cell elongation;Genes Dev. 9 97–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talbert P B, Adler H T, Parks D W and Comai L 1995 TheREVOLUTA gene is necessary for apical meristems development and for limiting cell division in the leaves and stems ofArabidopsis thaliana;Development 121 2723–2735

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor C B 1997Knox-on effects on leaf development;Plant Cell 9 2101–2105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Timmermans M C P, Schultes N P, Jankovsky J P and Nelson T 1998Leafblade-less 1 is required for dorsiventrality of lateral organs in maize;Development 125 2813–2823

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuge T, Tsukayon H and Uchimya H 1996 Two independent polarized processes of cell elongation regulate leaf blade expansion inArabidopsis thaliana;Development 122 1589–1560

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsukaya H 2000 The role of meristematic activities in the formation of leaf blades;J. Plant Res. 113 119–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vernoux T, Autran D and Traas J 2000 Development control of cell division patterns in the shoot apex;Plant Mol. Biol. 43 569–581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villani P J and Demason D A 1999 Roles of theAf andTl genes in pea leaf morphogenesis: leaf morphology and pinna anatomy of the heterozygotes;Can. J. Bot. 77 611–622

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vollbrecht E, Veit B, Sinha N and Hake S 1990 The development geneKNOTTED-1 is a member of a maize homeobox gene family;Nature (London) 350 241–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waites R, Selvadurai H R, Oliver J R and Hudson A 1998 ThePHANTASTICA gene encodes a MYB transcription factor involved in growth and dorsiventrality of lateral organs inAntirrhinum;Cell 93 779–789

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White O 1917 Studies on inheritance in Pisum II. The present state of knowledge of heredity and variation in peas;Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 56 487–588

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang Z 1998Apolipoprotein (a) gene enhancer resides withinLINE element;J. Biol. Chem. 273 891–897.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 226 015, Lucknow, India

    Seema Prajapati & Sushil Kumar

  2. JNU Campus, National Centre for Plant Genome Research, 110 067, New Delhi, India

    Sushil Kumar

Authors
  1. Seema Prajapati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sushil Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sushil Kumar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Prajapati, S., Kumar, S. Role ofLLD, a new locus for leaflet/pinna morphogenesis inPisum sativum . J. Biosci. 26, 607–625 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02704759

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02704759

Keywords

Search

Navigation