Abstract
The densityn(B) of the spatially varying magnetic fieldB inside a type II superconductor can be measured by nuclear magnetic resonance or muon-spin rotation (μ+SR). For a perfect flux-line latticen(B) exhibits van Hove singularities at the maximum, minimum, and saddle point values of the ideally periodicB(r). In a real superconductor, these singularities are smeared due to distortions of the flux-line lattice caused by, e.g., the interaction of flux lines with inhomogeneities in the material (pinning), structural defects in the flux-line lattice, the nonellipsoidal shape of the specimen, or fluctuations of the applied field and temperature. Such perturbations of the periodicity ofB(r) typically broaden the idealn(B) by convolution with a Gaussian whose width in general depends onB and which thus smears each singularity differently. Knowledge of the broadening is required for the interpretation of μ+SR experiments in the new ceramic superconductors and also in pure niobium, where it competes with the broadening caused by the diffusion of the positive muons. In this paper (Part I), the broadening ofn(B) is discussed in detail and some of its features are derived from the periodic solutions of the Ginzburg-Landau and BCS-Gorkov theories. Forthcoming parts will deal with the application of nonperiodic solutions and with computer simulations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. A. Abrikosov,Sov. Phys.-JETP 5, 1174 (1957).
D. Cribier, B. Jacrot, L. M. Rao, and B. Farnoux,Phys. Lett. 9, 106 (1964).
J. Schelten, H. Ullmaier, and W. Schmatz,Phys. Stat. Sol. (b)48, 619 (1971).
P. Thorel, P. Kahn, Y. Simon, and C. Cribier,J. Phys. (Paris)34, 447 (1973).
H. W. Weber, J. Schelten, and G. Lippmann,Phys. Stat. Sol. (b)57, 511 (1973).
J. R. Clem,J. Low Temp. Phys. 18, 427 (1975).
E. H. Brandt,Phys. Stat. Sol. (b)51, 345 (1972).
U. Essmann and H. Träuble,Phys. Lett. 24A, 526 (1967).
H. Träuble and U. Essmann,J. Appl. Phys. 39, 4052 (1968).
N. V. Sarma,Phil. Mag. 18, 171 (1968).
P. L. Gammel, D. J. Bishop, G. J. Dolan, J. R. Kwo, C. A. Murray, L. F. Schreemeyer, and J. V. Waszczak,Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2592 (1987).
A. G. Redfield,Phys. Rev. 162, 367 (1967).
J. M. Delrieu,J. Low Temp. Phys. 6, 197 (1972).
J. M. Delrieu,J. Phys. F: Metal Phys. 3, 893 (1973).
J. M. Delrieu, Thèse d'Etat, Université Paris-sud (1974).
E. H. Brandt,Phys. Lett. 43A, 539 (1973).
E. H. Brandt,Phys. Stat. Sol. (b)64, 467 (1974).
I. I. Gurevich, E. A. Meleshko, I. A. Muratova, B. A. Nikolskij, V. S. Roganov, V. I. Selivanov, and B. V. Sokolov,Phys. Lett. 40A, 143 (1972).
A. Seeger,Phys. Lett. 77A, 259 (1979).
E. H. Brandt and A. Seeger,Adv. Phys. 35, 189 (1986).
C. P. Slichter,Principles of Magnetic Resonance, 2nd ed. (Springer, Heidelberg, 1980).
W. Schwarz, E. H. Brandt, K.-P. Döring, U. Essmann, K. Fürderer, M. Gladisch, D. Herlach, G. Majer, H.-J. Mundinger, H. Orth, A. Seeger, and M. Schmolz,Hyperfine Interact. 31, 257 (1987).
G. Aeppli, R. J. Cava, E. J. Ansaldo, J. H. Brewer, S. R. Kreitzman, G. M. Luke, D. R. Noakes, and R. F. Kiefl,Phys. Rev. B 35, 7129 (1987).
W. J. Kossler, J. R. Kempton, X. H. Yu, H. E. Schone, Y. J. Uemura, A. R. Moodenbaugh, M. Suenaga, and C. E. Stronach,Phys. Rev. B 35, 7133 (1987).
D. R. Harschman, G. Aeppli, E. J. Ansaldo, B. Batlogg, J. H. Brewer, J. F. Carolan, R. J. Cava, M. Celio, A. C. D. Chaklader, W. N. Hardy, S. R. Kreitzman, G. M. Luke, D. R. Noakes, and M. Senba,Phys. Rev. B 36, 2386 (1987).
F. N. Gygax, B. Hitti, E. Lippelt, A. Schenck, D. Cattani, J. Cors, M. Decroux, Ø. Fischer, and S. Barth,Europhys. Lett. 4, 473 (1987).
E. H. Brandt,Phys. Rev. B 37, 2349 (1988).
R. Labusch,Phys. Stat. Sol. (b)69, 359 (1975).
E. H. Brandt,Phys. Rev. B 18, 6022 (1978).
E. H. Brandt,Phys. Stat. Sol. 36, 381, 393 (1969).
V. G. Kogan,J. Low Temp. Phys. 32, 419 (1978).
E. H. Brandt,J. Low Temp. Phys. 28, 263 (1977).
E. H. Brandt,J. Low Temp. Phys. 28, 291 (1977).
E. H. Brandt,Phys. Rev. Lett. 50, 1599 (1983);J. Low Temp. Phys. 53, 41, 71 (1983).
A. M. Campbell and J. E. Evetts,Adv. Phys. 21, 199 (1972).
E. H. Brandt,J. Low Temp. Phys. 26, 709, 735 (1977).
A. I. Larkin and Yu. N. Ovchinnikov,J. Low Temp. Phys. 43, 409 (1979).
E. H. Brandt,Phys. Rev. B 14, 6514 (1986).
E. H. Brandt and U. Essmann,Phys. Stat. Sol. (b)144, 13 (1987).
A. M. Campbell,Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 26, 2053 (1987).
P. H. Kes,Physica C 153–155, 1121 (1988).
W. Pesch and L. Kramer,J. Low Temp. Phys. 15, 367 (1974).
E. H. Brandt,Phys. Stat. Sol. (b)77, 105 (1976).
U. Klein,J. Low Temp. Phys. 69, 1 (1987).
E. H. Brandt, to be published.
E. H. Brandt,Phys. Stat. Sol. (b)65, 469 (1974).
G. Eilenberger,Z. Phys. 214, 195 (1968).
L. Kramer and W. Pesch,Z. Phys. 269, 59 (1974).
K. Maki and T. Tsuzuki,Phys. Rev. A 139, 868 (1965).
G. Eilenberger,Phys. Rev. 153, A2584 (1967).
V. G. Kogan and J. R. Clem,Phys. Rev. B 24, 1572 (1981);Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 26, 1159 (1987).
A. V. Balatskij, L. I. Burlachkov, and L. P. Gorkov,Sov. Phys.-JETP 63, 866 (1986).
M. Celio, T. M. Riseman, J. H. Brewer, and R. F. Kiefl,Physica C 153–155, 753 (1988).
E. H. Brandt,Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1381 (1986).
R. Schmucker and E. H. Brandt,Phys. Stat. Sol. (b)79, 479 (1977).
H. Träuble and U. Essmann,Phys. Stat. Sol. 25, 373 (1968).
R. Schmucker,Phil Mag. 35, 431, 453 (1977).
P. H. Kes and C. C. Tsuei,Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 1930 (1981);Phys. Rev. B 28, 5126 (1983).
R. Wördenweber and P. H. Kes,Phys. Rev. B 34, 494 (1986).
E. H. Brandt,J. Low Temp. Phys. 64, 375 (1986).
R. Wördenweber and P. H. Kes,J. Low Temp. Phys. 67, 1 (1987).
E. H. Brandt,Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 1381 (1986).
G. M. Eliashberg,Sov. Phys.-JETP 11, 696 (1960);16, 780 (1963).
G. E. Zwicknagl and J. W. Wilkins,Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 1276 (1984).
G. E. Zwicknagl,Physica 135B, 267 (1985).
E. V. Thuneberg, J. Kurkijärvi, and D. Rainer,Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1853 (1982);Phys. Rev. B 29, 3913 (1984).
E. V. Thuneberg,J. Low Temp. Phys. 57, 415 (1984);62, 27 (1986).
R. Labusch,Phys. Stat. Sol. 32, 439 (1969).
E. H. Brandt,Phys. Stat. Sol. (b)77, 551 (1976).
E. H. Brandt,Phil. Mag. B 37, 293 (1978).
A. Seeger,Handbuch der Physik, Vol. VII, Parts 1 and 2 (Springer, Berlin, 1955, 1958).
R. Labusch,Phys. Lett. 22, 9 (1966).
J. P. Hirth and J. Lothe,Theory of Dislocations, 2nd ed. (Wiley, New York, 1982).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Brandt, E.H. Magnetic field density of perfect and imperfect flux line lattices in type II superconductors. I. Application of periodic solutions. J Low Temp Phys 73, 355–390 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00683568
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00683568