Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chromosome banding in Amphibia

XII. Restriction endonuclease banding

  • Published:
Chromosoma Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Fixed metaphase chromosomes of several species of Amphibia were treated with various restriction endonucleases and subsequently stained with Giemsa. Metaphases of man and chicken were examined in parallel under the same experimental conditions for comparison. The restriction enzymes always induce subsets of the C-banding patterns present in the amphibian karyotypes. The heterochromatic regions can be either resistant or sensitive to the restriction enzyme. The modified C-banding patterns revealed by different restriction endonucleases in the karyotype of the same species can be either extremely dissimilar or almost completely congruent. Correspondingly, the action of the same restriction enzyme on the karyotypes of different species may vary greatly. There is only rarely a correlation between the type of C-banding patterns produced by different restriction endonucleases and their specific base pair recognition sequences. In contrast to mammalian and avian chromosomes, restriction enzymes induce no multiple G-banding patterns in amphibian chromosomes. This is attributed to the difference in organization of the DNA in the genomes of poikilothermic vertebrates. The possible mechanisms of restriction endonuclease banding and the various uses of this technique for amphibian chromosomes are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Babu A, Verma RS (1986) Expression of heterochromatin by restriction endonuclease treatment and distamycin A/DAPI staining of Indian muntjak (Muntiacus muntjak) chromosomes. Cytogenet Cell Genet 41:96–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernardi G, Olofsson B, Filipski J, Zerial M, Salinas J, Cuny G, Meunier-Rotival M, Rodier M (1985) The mosaic genome of warm-blooded vertebrates. Science 228:953–958

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi MS, Bianchi NO, Pantelias GE, Wolff S (1985) The mechanism and pattern of banding induced by restriction endonucleses in human chromosomes. Chromosoma 91:131–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi NO, Bianchi MS, Cleaver JE (1984) The action of ultraviolet light on the patterns of banding induced by restriction endonucleases in human chromosomes. Chromosoma 90:133–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi NO, Vidal-Rioja L, Cleaver JE (1986) Direct visualization of the sites of DNA methylation in human, and mosquito chromosomes. Chromosoma 94:362–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrucci L, Romano E, de Stefano GF (1987) The AluI-induced bands in great apes and man: implications for heterochromatin characterization and satellite DNA distribution. Cytogenet Cell Genet 44:53–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould DC, Callan HG, Thomas CA (1976) The action of restriction endonucleases on lampbrush chromosomes. J Cell Sci 21:303–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmquist G (1987) DNA sequences in G-bands and R-bands. In: Adolph KW (ed) Chromosome and chromatin structure. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmquist G, Gray M, Porter T, Jordan J (1982) Characterization of Giemsa dark- and light-band DNA. Cell 31:121–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Hörz W, Hess J, Zachau HG (1974) Highly regular arrangement of restriction-nuclease-sensitive sites in rodent satellite DNAs. Eur J Biochem 45:501–512

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaelbling M, Miller DA, Miller OJ (1984) Restriction enzyme banding of mouse metaphase chromosomes. Chromosoma 90:128–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Lica L, Hamkalo B (1983) Preparation of centromeric heterochromatin by restriction endonuclease digestion of mouse L929 cells. Chromosoma 88:42–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Lima-de-Faria A, Isaksson M, Olsson E (1980) Action of restriction endonucleases on the DNA and chromosomes of Muntiacus muntjak. Hereditas 92:267–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Maniatis T, Fritsch EF, Sambrook J (1982) Molecular cloning. A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, New York, p 98

    Google Scholar 

  • Mezzanotte R (1986) The selective digestion of polytene and mitotic chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster by the AluI and HaeIII restriction endonucleases. Chromosoma 93:249–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Mezzanotte R, Ferrucci L (1983) The metaphase banding pattern produced in the chromosomes of Culiseta longiareolata (Diptera: Culicidae) by AluI restriction endonuclease or actinomycin D treatment followed by acridine orange staining. Genetica 62:47–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Mezzanotte R, Bianchi U, Vanni R, Ferrucci E (1983) Chromatin organization and restriction endonuclease activity on human metaphase chromosomes. Cytogenet Cell Genet 36:562–566

    Google Scholar 

  • Mezzanotte R, Ferrucci L, Vanni R, Sumner AT (1985) Some factors affecting the action of restriction endonucleases on human metaphase chromosomes. Exp Cell Res 161:247–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller DA, Choi YC, Miller OJ (1983) Chromosome localization of highly repetitive human DNA's and amplified ribosomal DNA with restriction enzymes. Science 219:395–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller DA, Gosden JR, Hastie ND, Evans HJ (1984) Mechanism of endonuclease banding of chromosomes. Exp Cell Res 155:294–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Olofsson B, Bernardi G (1983) Organization of nucleotide sequences in the chicken genome. Eur J Biochem 130:241–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahasrabuddhe CG, Pathak S, Hsu TC (1978) Responses of mammalian metaphase chromosomes to endonuclease digestion. Chromosoma 69:331–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid M (1978a) Chromosome banding in Amphibia. I. Constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizer regions in Bufo and Hyla. Chromosoma 66:361–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid M (1978b) Chromosome banding in Amphibia. II. Constitutive heterochromatin and nucleolus organizer regions in Ranidae, Microhylidae and Rhacophoridae. Chromosoma 68:131–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid M (1980a) Chromosome evolution in Amphibia. In: Müller H (ed) Cytogenetics of vertebrates. Birkhäuser, Basel Boston Stuttgart, pp 4–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid M (1980b) Chromosome banding in Amphibia. IV. Differentiation of GC- and AT-rich chromosome regions in Anura. Chromosoma 77:83–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid M (1982) Chromosome banding in Amphibia. VII. Analysis of the structure and variability of NORs in Anura. Chromosoma 87:327–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid M (1983) Evolution of sex chromosomes and heterogametic systems in Amphibia. Differentiation 23(Suppl):13–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid M, Olert J, Klett C (1979) Chromosome banding in Amphibia. III. Sex chromosomes in Triturus. Chromosoma 71:29–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid M, Haaf T, Geile B, Sims S (1983) Chromosome banding in Amphibia. VIII. An unusual XY/XX-sex chromosome system in Gastrotheca riobambae (Anura, Hylidae). Chromosoma 88:69–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid M, Haaf T, Grunert D (1984) 5-Azacytidine-induced undercondensations in human chromosomes. Hum Genet 67:257–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid M, Sims SH, Haaf T, Macgregor HC (1986) Chromosome banding in Amphibia. X. 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes, nucleolus organizers and nucleoli in Gastrotheca riobambae. Chromosoma 94:139–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmid M, Vitelli E, Batistoni R (1987) Chromosome banding in Amphibia. XI. Constitutive heterochromatin, nucleolus organizers, 18S + 28S and 5S ribosomal RNA genes in Ascaphidae, Pipidae, Discoglossidae and Pelobatidae. Chromosoma 95:271–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnedl W, Breitenbach M, Mikelsaar A-V, Stranzinger G (1977) Mithramycin and DIPI: a pair of fluorochromes specific for GC- and AT-rich DNA respectively. Hum Genet 36:299–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer D (1976) Reverse fluorescent chromosome banding with chromomycin and DAPI. Chromosoma 58:307–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer D (1977) R-banding produced by DNase I digestion of chromomycin-stained chromosomes. Chromosoma 64:117–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer D (1981) Counterstain-enhanced chromosome banding. Hum Genet 57:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer D, Ambros P, Andrle M (1978) Modification of DAPI banding on human chromosomes by prestaining with a DNA binding oligopeptide antibiotic, distamycin A. Exp Cell Res 111:327–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Sims SH, Macgregor HC, Pellat PS, Horner HA (1984) Chromosome 1 in crested and marbled newts (Triturus). An extraordinary case of heteromorphism and independent chromosome evolution. Chromosoma 89:169–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefos K, Arrighi FE (1971) Heterochromatic nature of W chromosome in birds. Exp Cell Res 68:228–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefos K, Arrighi FE (1974) Repetitive DNA of Gallus domesticus and its cytological locations. Exp Cell Res 83:9–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumner AT (1972) A simple technique for demonstrating centromeric heterochromatin. Exp Cell Res 75:304–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiery JP, Macaya G, Bernardi G (1976) An analysis of eukaryotic genomes by density gradient centrifugation. J Mol Biol 108:219–235

    Google Scholar 

  • Ueda T, Irie S, Kato Y (1987) Longitudinal differentiation of metaphase chromosomes of Indian muntjak as studied by restriction enzyme digestion, in situ hybridization with cloned DNA probes and distamycin A plus DAPI fluorescence staining. Chromosoma 95:251–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Waalwijk C, Flavell RA (1978) MspI, an isoschizomer of HpaII which cleaves both unmethylated and methylated HpaII sites. Nucleic Acids Res 5:3231–3236

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisblum B (1973) Fluorescent probes of chromosomal DNA structure: three classes of acridines. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 38:441–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf U (1974) Cell cultures from tissue expiants. In: Schwarzacher HG, Wolf U (eds) Methods in human cytogenetics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 39–58

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Genetics, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 2, D-8700, Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany

    M. Schmid & C. G. de Almeida

Authors
  1. M. Schmid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. G. de Almeida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schmid, M., de Almeida, C.G. Chromosome banding in Amphibia. Chromosoma 96, 283–290 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00286915

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00286915

Keywords

Search

Navigation