Abstract
Cerebral glucose utilization measured with fluorine-18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose is characterized by considerable variability both among different persons and for the same person examined on different occasions. The goal of this study was to explore whether some regions of the brain were more variable than others with respect to glucose utilization and whether there was a pattern in their covariance. The global and regional cerebral utilization of glucose was measured in 12 healthy young volunteers on 3 or 4 occasions. In all, 24 regions were examined. The interrelation of the glucose utilization rates of the brain regions was investigated by factor analysis of the metabolic rates. Some 70% of the total variance was attributable to only 1 factor, while 80% of the total variance could be attributed to 2 factors. Regions making up the first factor were the frontal and temporal cortex, cingulate gyrus, caudate nucleus, thalamus and putamen. These regions are functionally related to the limbic system. Regions of the second factor were the parietal cortex, occipital cortex and cerebellum, regions more clearly related to sensory and motor functions. The 2-factor pattern was highly reproducible, being found with different algorithms for factor extraction and rotation. Under resting conditions, the variance of cerebral metabolism seems to be primarily related to regions which are closely involved with the limbic system. Cortical regions involved primarily in motor and sensory functions have less influence on the variance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baleydier C, Mauguiere F (1980) The duality of the cingulate gyrus in monkey. Brain 103:525–554
Bartlett MS (1950) Tests for significance in factor analysis. Br J Psychol Stat Sect 3:77–85
Camargo EE, Szabo Z, Links JM, Sostre S, Dannals RF, Wagner HN Jr (1992) The influence of biological and technical factors on the variability of global and regional brain metabolism of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:281–290
Cameron OG, Modell JG, Hichwa RD, Agranoff BW, Koeppe RA (1990) Changes in sensory-cognitive input: effects on cerebral blood flow. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 10:38–42
Carroll JB (1957) Biquartimin criterion for rotation to oblique simple structure in factor analysis. Science 126(3283):1114–1115
Chiro G Di, Brooks RA, Patronas NJ, Bairamian D, Kornblith PL, Smith BH, Mansi L, Barker J (1984) Issues in the in vivo measurement of glucose metabolism of human central nervous system tumors. Ann Neurol 15 [Suppl]: 5138–5146
Clark C, Carson R, Kessler R, Margolin R, Buchsbaum M, DeLisi L, King C, Cohen R (1985) Alternative statistical models for the examination of clinical positron emission tomography/fluorodeoxyglucose data. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5:142–150
Comrey AL (1962) The minimum residual method of factor analysis. Psychol Rep 11:15–18
Cureton EE, D'Agostino RB (1983) Factor analysis: an applied approach. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale
Duara R, Margolin RA, Robertson-Tchabo EA, London ED, Schwartz M, Renfrew JW, Koziarz BJ, Sundaram M, Grady C, Moore AM, Ingvar DH, Sokoloff L, Weingartner H, Kessler RM, Manning RG, Charming MA, Cutler NR, Rapoport SI (1983) Cerebral glucose utilization, as measured with positron emission tomography in 21 resting healthy men between the ages of 21 and 83 years. Brain 106:761–775
Duara R, Grady C, Haxby J, Ingvar D, Sokoloff L, Margolin RA, Manning RG, Cutler NR, Rapoport SI (1984) Human brain glucose utilization and cognitive function in relation to age. Ann Neurol 16:702–713
Duara R, Gross-Glenn K, Barker W, Chang JY, Apicella A, Loewenstein D, Boothe T (1987) Behavioral activation and the variability of cerebral glucose metabolic measurements. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 7:266–271
Fazekas F, Alavi A, Chawluk JB, Zimmerman RA, Hackney D, Bilaniuk L, Rosen M, Alves WM, Hurtig HI, Jamieson DG, Kushner MJ, Reivich M (1989) Comparison of CT, MR, and PET in Alzheimer's dementia and normal aging. J Nucl Med 30:1607–1615
Ferguson GA (1954) The concept of parsimony in factor analysis. Psychometrika 19:281–290
Grady CL, Berg G, Carson RE, Daube-Witherspoon ME, Friedland RP, Rapoport SI (1989) Quantitative comparison of cerebral glucose metabolic rates from two positron emission tomographs. J Nucl Med 30:1386–1392
Guttmann L (1953) Image theory for the structure of quantitative variates. Psychometrika 18:277–296
Hamacher K, Coenen HH, Stöcklin G (1986) Efficient stereospecific synthesis of no-carrier-added 2-[l8F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose using aminopolyether supported nucleophilic substitution. J Nucl Med 27:235–238
Hawkins RA, Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA, Bonyak EV, DeJoseph MR, Hibbard LS (1989) The energy pattern of the sleeping brain (abstract). J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 9 [Suppl 1]:S509
Horn JL (1965) A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika 30:179–185
Horwitz B, Rapoport SI (1988) Partial correlation coefficients approximate the real intrasubject correlation pattern in the analysis of interregional relations of cerebral metabolic activity. J Nucl Med 29:392–399
Horwitz B, Duara R, Rapoport SI (1986) Age differences in intercorrelations between regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose. Ann Neurol 19:60–67
Hotelling H (1933) Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components. J Educ Psychol 24:417–441. 498–520
Huang SC, Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, Sideris K, Selin CJ, Kuhl DE (1980) Noninvasive determination of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in man. Am J Physiol 238:E69-E82
Huang SC, Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, Kuhl DE (1981) Error sensitivity of fluorodeoxyglucose method for measurement of cerebral metabolic rate of glucose. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1:391–401
Jagust WJ, Budinger TF, Huesman RH, Friedland RP, Mazoyer BM, Knittel BL (1986) Methodologic factors affecting PET measurements of cerebral glucose metabolism. J Nucl Med 27:1358–1361
Jolles PR, Chapman PR, Alavi A (1989) PET, CT, and MRI in the evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders: current applications. J Nucl Med 30:1589–1606
Kaiser HF (1958) The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika 23:187–200
Kaiser HF, Carffrey J (1965) Alpha factor analysis. Psychometrika 30:1–14
Kuhl DE, Phelps ME, Hoffman EJ, Robinson GD, MacDonald NS (1977) Initial clinical experience with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose for determination of local cerebral glucose utilization by emission computed tomography. Acta Neurol Scand 56 [Suppl 64]:S192-S193
Kuhl DE, Metter EJ, Riege WH, Markham CH (1984) Patterns of cerebral glucose utilization in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Ann Neurol 15 [Suppl]:S119-S125
Lawley DN (1940) The estimation of factor loadings by the method of maximum likelihood. Proc R Soc Edinb A 60:64–82
Mazziotta JC, Phelps ME, Miller J, Kuhl DE (1981 a) Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: normal unstimulated state. Neurology 31:503–516
Mazziotta JC, Phelps ME, Plummer D, Kuhl DE (1981 b) Quantitation in positron emission computed tomography: 5. Physicalanatomical effects. J Comp Assist Tomogr 5:734–743
Mazziotta JC, Phelps ME, Carson RE, Kuhl DE (1982) Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: sensory deprivation. Ann Neurol 12:435–444
Metter EJ, Riege WH, Kameyama M, Phelps ME, Kuhl DE (1982) Correlational differences of regional glucose metabolism in Huntington, Parkinson, and Alzheimer diseases (Abstract). Ann Neurol 12:88
Norman WT (1963) Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. J Abnorm Soc Psychol 66:547–583
Papez JW (1937) A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 38:725–743
Payne RW, Jones HG (1957) Statistics for the investigation of individual cases. J Clin Psychol 13:115–121
Reivich M, Alavi A, Gur RC (1984) Positron emission tomographic studies of perceptual tasks. Ann Neurol 15 [Suppl]:S61-S65
Saunders DR (1961) The rationale for an oblimax method of transformation in factor analysis. Psychometrika 26:317–324
Scoville WB, Milner B (1957) Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 20:11–21
Sokoloff L, Reivich M, Kennedy C, Des Rosiers MH, Patlak CS, Pettigrew KD, Sakurada O, Shinchara M (1977) The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J Neurochem 28:897–916
Strother SC, Moeller JR, Sidtis IS, Levy DE, Eidelberg D, Dhawan V, Phillips PC, Rottenberg DA (1988) Patterns of regional cerebral metabolism in stimulated, deprived and vegetative subjects (abstract). J Nucl Med 29:839
Tyler JL, Strother SC, Zatorre RJ, Alivisatos B, Worsley KJ, Diksic M, Yamamoto YL (1988) Stability of regional cerebral glucose metabolism in the normal brain measured by positron emission tomography. J Nucl Med 29:631–642
Überla K (1968) Faktorenanalyse. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Offprint requests to: Z. Szabo
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Szabo, Z., Camargo, E.E., Sostre, S. et al. Factor analysis of regional cerebral glucose metabolic rates in healthy men. Eur J Nucl Med 19, 469–475 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00185851
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00185851