Abstract
Diversified human activities and inappropriate economic growth strategies have induced a trade-off between economic growth and environmental degradation worldwide. Consequently, the aggravating environmental concerns have warranted regulations to be enforced for safeguarding the welfare of the global environment. However, the effectiveness of such environmental regulations in reducing environmental deterioration has received equivocal empirical evidence in the literature. Against this backdrop, this study investigates the influence of environmental regulations on the ecological footprints in the context of the Next Eleven countries between 1990 and 2016. The results from the econometric analysis, controlling for cross-sectional dependency issues in the data, reveal that the existing environmental regulations legislated in the Next Eleven countries are ineffective in reducing the ecological footprints of these nations. Besides, greater energy consumption and openness to international trade are found to boost ecological footprints. Moreover, the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is also authenticated for the panel of the Next Eleven nations. The country-specific findings indicate that energy consumption anonymously degraded the environment in all the eleven nations, while heterogeneous impacts of environmental regulations, economic growth and international trade on the environment are ascertained. Hence, these findings, in a nutshell, recommend the Next Eleven nations to strengthen and enforce the environmental regulations, adopt sustainable economic growth policies, reduce fossil fuel dependency and participate in sustainable trade to ensure environmental sustainability.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
The data sets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Notes
BRICS refers to Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
The EKC hypothesis posits an inverted-U-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. The hypothesis refers to economic growth being both the cause and the panacea to the environmental problems. For more information on the EKC hypothesis, see Murshed and Dao (2020).
The EF are calculated by dividing the human ecological demands by the natural capacities of different land types (croplands, pasture lands, fishing bodies, forests, built-up lands and natural energy resources) to meet the resource demand. Hence, higher levels of EF can be interpreted as environmental deterioration, while lower values indicate environmental betterment. For more information on the EF, see Wackernagel and Rees (1998) and Caviglia-Harris et al. (2009).
The pollution haven hypothesis postulates a negative relationship between FDI inflows and environmental quality (Murshed et al. 2020b). Thus, inflows of dirty FDI can be expected to induce deterioration of the environment within the FDI-hosting nations.
References
Adeleye BN, Adedoyin F, Nathaniel S (2020) The criticality of ICT-trade nexus on economic and inclusive growth. Inf Technol Dev:1–21
Ahmed Z, Wang Z, Mahmood F, Hafeez M, Ali N (2019) Does globalization increase the ecological footprint? Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(18):18565–18582
Ahmed Z, Zafar MW, Ali S (2020) Linking urbanization, human capital, and the ecological footprint in G7 countries: an empirical analysis. Sustain Cities Soc 55:102064
Ali HS, Nathaniel SP, Uzuner G, Bekun FV, Sarkodie SA (2020a) Trivariate modelling of the nexus between electricity consumption, urbanization and economic growth in Nigeria: fresh insights from Maki Cointegration and causality tests. Heliyon 6(2):e03400
Ali MU, Gong Z, Ali MU, Wu X, Yao C (2020) Fossil energy consumption, economic development, inward FDI impact on CO2 emissions in Pakistan: Testing EKC hypothesis through ARDL model. Int J Finance Econ
Al-Mulali U, Weng-Wai C, Sheau-Ting L, Mohammed AH (2015) Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecol Ind 48:315–323
Alola AA, Bekun FV, Sarkodie SA (2019) Dynamic impact of trade policy, economic growth, fertility rate, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint in Europe. Sci Total Environ 685:702–709
Altıntaş H, Kassouri Y (2020) Is the environmental Kuznets Curve in Europe related to the per-capita ecological footprint or CO2 emissions? Ecol Ind 113:106187
Ansari MA, Haider S, Khan NA (2020) Environmental Kuznets curve revisited: an analysis using ecological and material footprint. Ecol Ind 115:106416
Arce G, López LA, Guan D (2016) Carbon emissions embodied in international trade: the post-China era. Appl Energy 184:1063–1072
Aşıcı AA, Acar S (2016) Does income growth relocate ecological footprint? Ecol Ind 61:707–714
Aşıcı AA, Acar S (2018) How does environmental regulation affect production location of non-carbon ecological footprint? J Clean Prod 178:927–936
Aydin M, Turan YE (2020) The influence of financial openness, trade openness, and energy intensity on ecological footprint: revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for BRICS countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(34):43233–43245
Baloch MA, Zhang J, Iqbal K, Iqbal Z (2019) The effect of financial development on ecological footprint in BRI countries: evidence from panel data estimation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(6):6199–6208
Banerjee S, Murshed M (2020) Do emissions implied in net export validate the pollution haven conjecture? Analysis of G7 and BRICS countries. Int J Sustain Econ 12(3):297–319
Baz K, Xu D, Ali H, Ali I, Khan I, Khan MM, Cheng J (2020) Asymmetric impact of energy consumption and economic growth on ecological footprint: using asymmetric and nonlinear approach. Sci Total Environ 718:137364
Breusch TS, Pagan AR (1980) The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. Rev Econ Stud 47(1):239–253
Caviglia-Harris JL, Chambers D, Kahn JR (2009) Taking the “U” out of Kuznets: a comprehensive analysis of the EKC and environmental degradation. Ecol Econ 68(4):1149–1159
Charfeddine L, Mrabet Z (2017) The impact of economic development and social-political factors on ecological footprint: a panel data analysis for 15 MENA countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 76:138–154
Chen H, Hao Y, Li J, Song X (2018) The impact of environmental regulation, shadow economy, and corruption on environmental quality: theory and empirical evidence from China. J Clean Prod 195:200–214
Cheng Z, Li L, Liu J (2017) The emissions reduction effect and technical progress effect of environmental regulation policy tools. J Clean Prod 149:191–205
Cheng C, Ren X, Wang Z, Yan C (2019) Heterogeneous impacts of renewable energy and environmental patents on CO2 emission— Evidence from the BRICS. Sci Total Environ 668:1328–1338
Chudik A, Mohaddes K, Pesaran MH, Raissi M (2016) Long-run effects in large heterogeneous panel data models with cross-sectionally correlated errors. Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Danish WZ (2019) Investigation of the ecological footprint’s driving factors: What we learn from the experience of emerging economies. Sustain Cities Soc 49
Danish, Ulucak R, Khan SUD (2020a) Relationship between energy intensity and CO2 emissions: Does economic policy matter? Sustain Develop:1–8
Danish, Ulucak R, Khan SU (2020b) Determinants of the ecological footprint: role of renewable energy, natural resources, and urbanization. Sustain Cities Soc 101996
Destek MA, Sinha A (2020) Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: evidence from organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries. J Clean Prod 242:118537
Destek MA, Balli E, Manga M (2016) The relationship between CO2 emission, energy consumption, urbanization and trade openness for selected CEECs. Res World Econ 7(1):52–58
Dogan E, Taspinar N, Gokmenoglu KK (2019) Determinants of ecological footprint in MINT countries. Energy Environ 30(6):1065–1086
Dogan E, Ulucak R, Kocak E, Isik C (2020) The use of ecological footprint in estimating the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for BRICST by considering cross-section dependence and heterogeneity. Sci Total Environ 138063
Doytch N (2020) The impact of foreign direct investment on the ecological footprints of nations. Environ Sustain Indicators 100085
Driscoll JC, Kraay AC (1998) Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Rev Econ Stat 80(4):549–560
Dumitrescu EI, Hurlin C (2012) Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Econ Model 29(4):1450–1460
Eberhardt M, Teal F (2010) Aggregation versus heterogeneity in cross-country growth empirics
Erdoğan S, Okumus I, Guzel AE (2020a) Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in OECD countries: the role of renewable, non-renewable energy, and oil prices. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–9
Erdoğan S, Çakar ND, Ulucak R, Kassouri Y (2020b) The role of natural resources abundance and dependence in achieving environmental sustainability: evidence from resource‐based economies. Sustain Dev
Fakher HA (2019) Investigating the determinant factors of environmental quality (based on ecological carbon footprint index). Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(10):10276–10291
GFN (2020) Ecological Footprint per Person of Country’s Population (in global hectares) https://data.footprintnetwork.org/. Accessed 1st May 2020
Ghazouani A, Xia W, Ben Jebli M, Shahzad U (2020) Exploring the role of carbon taxation policies on CO2 emissions: contextual evidence from tax implementation and non-implementation European Countries. Sustainability 12(20):8680
Granger CW (1969) Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econ: J Econ Soc 424–438
Hao Y, Deng Y, Lu ZN, Chen H (2018) Is environmental regulation effective in China? Evidence from city-level panel data. J Clean Prod 188:966–976
Hashmi R, Alam K (2019) Dynamic relationship among environmental regulation, innovation, CO2 emissions, population, and economic growth in OECD countries: a panel investigation. J Clean Prod 231:1100–1109
He FS, Gan GGG, Al-Mulali U, Solarin SA (2019) The influences of economic indicators on environmental pollution in Malaysia. Int J Energy Econ Policy 9(2):123–131
Hervieux MS, Darné O (2015) Environmental Kuznets curve and ecological footprint: a time series analysis. Econ Bull 35(1):814–826
Işik C, Kasımatı E, Ongan S (2017) Analyzing the causalities between economic growth, financial development, international trade, tourism expenditure and/on the CO2 emissions in Greece. Energy Sour Part B 12(7):665–673
Isik C, Dogru T, Turk ES (2018) A nexus of linear and non-linear relationships between tourism demand, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: theory and evidence. Int J Tour Res 20(1):38–49
Isik C, Ongan S, Özdemir D (2019) The economic growth/development and environmental degradation: evidence from the US state-level EKC hypothesis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(30):30772–30781
Işık C, Ongan S, Özdemir D (2019) Testing the EKC hypothesis for ten US states: an application of heterogeneous panel estimation method. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(11):10846–10853
Isik C, Ahmad M, Pata UK, Ongan S, Radulescu M, Adedoyin FF, Ongan A (2020) An evaluation of the tourism-induced environmental Kuznets curve (T-EKC) hypothesis: evidence from G7 Countries. Sustainability 12(21):9150
Khan A, Chenggang Y, Hussain J, Bano S (2019) Does energy consumption, financial development, and investment contribute to ecological footprints in BRI regions? Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(36):36952–36966
Khan MK, Khan MI, Rehan M (2020) The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan. Financ Innov 6(1):1–13
Koc S, Bulus GC (2020) Testing validity of the EKC hypothesis in South Korea: role of renewable energy and trade openness. Environ Sci Pollut Res
Kongbuamai N, Bui Q, Yousaf HMAU, Liu Y (2020) The impact of tourism and natural resources on the ecological footprint: a case study of ASEAN countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–14
Li R, Ramanathan R (2018) Exploring the relationships between different types of environmental regulations and environmental performance: evidence from China. J Clean Prod 196:1329–1340
Li Z, Li RYM, Malik MY, Murshed M, Khan Z, Umar M (2020) Determinants of carbon emission in china: How good is green investment? Sustain Prod Consum. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.11.008
Liddle B (2015) What are the carbon emissions elasticities for income and population? Bridging STIRPAT and EKC via robust heterogeneous panel estimates. Glob Environ Change 31:62–73
Mehmood U, Tariq S (2020) Globalization and CO 2 emissions nexus: evidence from the EKC hypothesis in South Asian countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(29):37044–37056
Meo MS, Nathaniel SP, Khan MM, Nisar QA, Fatima T (2020) Does temperature contribute to environment degradation? Pakistani experience based on nonlinear bounds testing approach. Glob Bus Rev 0972150920916653
Mikayilov JI, Mukhtarov S, Mammadov J, Azizov M (2019) Re-evaluating the environmental impacts of tourism: does EKC exist? Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(19):19389–19402
Murshed M (2018) Does improvement in trade openness facilitate renewable energy transition? Evidence from selected South Asian Economies. South Asia Econ J 19(2):151–170
Murshed M (2020a) An empirical analysis of the non-linear impacts of ICT-trade openness on renewable energy transition, energy efficiency, clean cooking fuel access and environmental sustainability in South Asia. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09497-3
Murshed M (2020b) LPG consumption and environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in South Asia: a time-series ARDL analysis with multiple structural breaks. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10701-7
Murshed M, Dao NTT (2020) Revisiting the CO2 emission-induced EKC hypothesis in South Asia: the role of Export Quality Improvement. GeoJournal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10270-9
Murshed M, Tanha MM (2020) Oil price shocks and renewable energy transition: empirical evidence from net oil-importing South Asian economies. Energy Ecol Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-020-00168-0
Murshed M, Ali SR, Banerjee S (2020a) Consumption of liquefied petroleum gas and the EKC hypothesis in South Asia: evidence from cross-sectionally dependent heterogeneous panel data with structural breaks. Energy Ecol Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-020-00185-z
Murshed M, Chadni MH, Ferdaus J (2020b) Does ICT trade facilitate renewable energy transition and environmental sustainability? Evidence from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Maldives. Energy Ecol Environ 5(6):470–495
Murshed M, Mahmood H, Alkhateeb TTY, Banerjee S (2020c) Calibrating the impacts of regional trade integration and renewable energy transition on the sustainability of international inbound tourism demand in South Asia. Sustainability 12(20):8341
Naqvi SAA, Shah SAR, Mehdi MA (2020) Revealing empirical association among ecological footprints, renewable energy consumption, real income, and financial development: a global perspective. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(34):42830–42849
Nathaniel SP (2020) Ecological footprint, energy use, trade, and urbanization linkage in Indonesia. GeoJournal:1–14
Nathaniel SP, Iheonu CI (2019) Carbon dioxide abatement in Africa: the role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption. Sci Total Environ 679:337–345
Nathaniel SP, Adedoyin FF (2020) Tourism development, natural resource abundance, and environmental sustainability: another look at the ten most visited destinations. J Publ Affairs e2254
Nathaniel SP, Bekun FV (2020) Electricity consumption, urbanization, and economic growth in Nigeria: New insights from combined cointegration amidst structural breaks. J Publ Affairs e2102
Nathaniel S, Khan S (2020a) Public health financing, environmental quality, and the quality of life in Nigeria. J Publ Affairs 20(3):e2103
Nathaniel S, Khan SAR (2020b) The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy, trade, and ecological footprint in ASEAN countries. J Clean Prod 272:122709
Nathaniel S, Nwodo O, Sharma G, Shah M (2020a) Renewable energy, urbanization, and ecological footprint linkage in CIVETS. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(16):19616–19629
Nathaniel S, Anyanwu O, Shah M (2020b) Renewable energy, urbanization, and ecological footprint in the Middle East and North Africa region. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–13
Nathaniel S, Aguegboh E, Iheonu C, Sharma G, Shah M (2020c) Energy consumption, FDI, and urbanization linkage in coastal Mediterranean countries: re-assessing the pollution haven hypothesis. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–14
Nathaniel SP, Nwulu N, Bekun F (2020d). Natural resource, globalization, urbanization, human capital, and environmental degradation in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–15
Ng CF, Choong CK, Lau LS (2020) Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: asymmetry analysis and robust estimation under cross-section dependence. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–14
OECD (2019) Energy Technology. RDD Statistics. http://www.oecd.org/statistics. Accessed 12st May 2020
Omojolaibi J, Nathaniel S (2020) Assessing the potency of environmental regulation in maintaining environmental sustainability in MENA countries: an advanced panel data estimation. J Publ Affairs e2526
Ouyang X, Shao Q, Zhu X, He Q, Xiang C, Wei G (2019) Environmental regulation, economic growth and air pollution: panel threshold analysis for OECD countries. Sci Total Environ 657:234–241
Ozturk I, Al-Mulali U, Saboori B (2016) Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: the role of tourism and ecological footprint. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(2):1916–1928
Pablo-Romero MDP, Sánchez-Braza A (2017) The changing of the relationships between carbon footprints and final demand: panel data evidence for 40 major countries. Energy Econ 61:8–20
Pata UK, Aydin M (2020) Testing the EKC hypothesis for the top six hydropower energy-consuming countries: evidence from Fourier Bootstrap ARDL procedure. J Clean Prod 121699
Pata UK, Caglar AE (2020) Investigating the EKC hypothesis with renewable energy consumption, human capital, globalization and trade openness for china: evidence from augmented ARDL approach with a structural break. Energy 119220
Pei Y, Zhu Y, Liu S, Wang X, Cao J (2019) Environmental regulation and carbon emission: the mediation effect of technical efficiency. J Clean Prod 236:117599
Pesaran MH (2004) General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels (No. 1240) Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
Pesaran MH (2006) Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica 74(4):967–1012
Pesaran MH (2007) A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. J Appl Econom 22:265–312
Phillips PC, Hansen BE (1990) Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I (1) processes. Rev Econ Stud 57(1):99–125
Rahman MM, Mamun SAK (2016) Energy use, international trade and economic growth nexus in Australia: new evidence from an extended growth model. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 64:806–816
Rahman A, Murad SM, Ahmad F, Wang X (2020) Evaluating the EKC hypothesis for the BCIM-EC member countries under the belt and road initiative. Sustainability 12(4):1478
Sarkodie SA, Strezov V (2019) Effect of foreign direct investments, economic development and energy consumption on greenhouse gas emissions in developing countries. Sci Total Environ 646:862–871
Sarwar S, Shahzad U, Chang D, Tang B (2019) Economic and non-economic sector reforms in carbon mitigation: empirical evidence from Chinese provinces. Struct Change Econ Dyn 49:146–154
Shahbaz M (2019) Globalization–emissions nexus: testing the EKC hypothesis in Next-11 Countries. Glob Bus Rev 0972150919858490
Shahbaz M, Mahalik MK, Shah SH, Sato JR (2016) Time-varying analysis of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth nexus: statistical experience in next 11 countries. Energy Policy 98:33–48
Shahzad U (2020) Environmental taxes, energy consumption, and environmental quality: theoretical survey with policy implications. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
Shahzad U, Fareed Z, Shahzad F, Shahzad K (2020) Investigating the nexus between economic complexity, energy consumption and ecological footprint for the United States: new insights from quantile methods. J Clean Prod 279:123806
Sharif A, Baris-Tuzemen O, Uzuner G, Ozturk I, Sinha A (2020) Revisiting the role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on Turkey’s ecological footprint: Evidence from Quantile ARDL approach. Sustain Cities Soc 102138
Sinha A, Sengupta T, Alvarado R (2020) Interplay between technological innovation and environmental quality: formulating the SDG policies for next 11 economies. J Clean Prod 242:118549
Uddin GA, Salahuddin M, Alam K, Gow J (2017) Ecological footprint and real income: panel data evidence from the 27 highest emitting countries. Ecol Ind 77:166–175
Udemba EN (2020a) Mediation of foreign direct investment and agriculture towards ecological footprint: a shift from single perspective to a more inclusive perspective for India. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–18
Udemba EN (2020b) Ecological implication of offshored economic activities in Turkey: foreign direct investment perspective. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(30):38015–38028
Udemba EN (2020c) Moderation of ecological footprint with FDI and agricultural sector for a better environmental performance: New insight from Nigeria. J Publ Affairs e12444
Udemba EN, Agha CO (2020) Abatement of pollutant emissions in Nigeria: a task before multinational corporations. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–11
Ulucak R, Bilgili F (2018) A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries. J Clean Prod 188:144–157
Ulucak R, Danish K, Ozcan B (2020a) Relationship between energy consumption and environmental sustainability in OECD countries: the role of natural resources rents. Resour Policy 69:101803
Ulucak R, Kassouri Y, İlkay SÇ, Altıntaş H, Garang APM (2020b) Does convergence contribute to reshaping sustainable development policies? Insights from Sub-Saharan Africa. Ecol Indicators 112:106140
Ulucak R, Khan SUD, Baloch MA, Li N (2020c) Mitigation pathways toward sustainable development: is there any trade-off between environmental regulation and carbon emissions reduction? Sustain Dev. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2032
Usman M, Makhdum MSA, Kousar R (2020) Does financial inclusion, renewable and non-renewable energy utilization accelerate ecological footprints and economic growth? Fresh evidence from 15 highest emitting countries. Sustain Cities Soc 102590
Wackernagel M, Rees W (1998) Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the earth (Vol. 9) New society publishers
Wackernagel M, Monfreda C, Schulz NB, Erb KH, Haberl H, Krausmann F (2004) Calculating national and global ecological footprint time series: resolving conceptual challenges. Land use policy 21(3):271–278
Wang X, Shao Q (2019) Non-linear effects of heterogeneous environmental regulations on green growth in G20 countries: evidence from panel threshold regression. Sci Total Environ 660:1346–1354
Wang H, Wei W (2019) Coordinating technological progress and environmental regulation in CO2 mitigation: the optimal levels for OECD countries emerging economies. Energy Econ 104510
Wang S, Li G, Fang C (2018) Urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions: empirical evidence from countries with different income levels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 81:2144–2159
WDI (2019) World Bank Development Indicators database (online) available at https://data.worldbank.org/ Accessed 24 May 2020
Wenbo G, Yan C (2018) Assessing the efficiency of China’s environmental regulation on carbon emissions based on Tapio decoupling models and GMM models. Energy Rep 4:713–723
Westerlund J (2007) Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bull Econ Stat 69(6):709–748
Zafar MW, Zaidi SAH, Khan NR, Mirza FM, Hou F, Kirmani SAA (2019) The impact of natural resources, human capital, and foreign direct investment on the ecological footprint: the case of the United States. Resour Policy 63:101428
Zhang K, Xu D, Li S (2019a) The impact of environmental regulation on environmental pollution in China: an empirical study based on the synergistic effect of industrial agglomeration. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(25):25775–25788
Zhang Z, Xi L, Bin S, Yuhuan Z, Song W, Ya L, Guang S (2019b) Energy, CO2 emissions, and value added flows embodied in the international trade of the BRICS group: a comprehensive assessment. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 116:109432
Acknowledgements
The author expresses his gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for their efforts in reviewing the paper and suggesting key modifications that have enhanced the quality of the article. The authors also thank the editor for his cooperation during the review process.
Funding
No funding was received to conduct this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nathaniel, S.P., Murshed, M. & Bassim, M. The nexus between economic growth, energy use, international trade and ecological footprints: the role of environmental regulations in N11 countries. Energ. Ecol. Environ. 6, 496–512 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-020-00205-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-020-00205-y