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The influence of environmental changes on local and regional vegetation patterns at Rieme (NW Belgium): implications for Final Palaeolithic habitation

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Abstract

Late-glacial vegetation changes were studied at Rieme, NW Belgium. Human occupation of this cover sand area occurred from the Final Palaeolithic onwards. The research area is situated on the northern side of a large cover sand ridge in an undulating landscape with small ridges and depressions. The past landscape was reconstructed using a multi-disciplinary approach, including geomorphological, sedimentological, loss-on-ignition, botanical (micro- and macrofossil) and zoological analyses. AMS 14C dating provided an accurate chronology for the sediments. Analyses were performed on three sequences located ~200–300 m apart. Our study shows that during the Bølling (GI-1e) wet meadows developed on the sandy soils and groundwater levels increased probably as result of permafrost melting. Shallow pools formed in depressions. During the Older Dryas (GI-1d) shrubs with juniper, sea-buckthorn and willow developed. Many shallow depressions were overblown with sand and deposition of organic material almost ceased. In the early Allerød (GI-1c) open birch woodlands developed. Due to the final melting of permafrost, groundwater levels rose further and ponds with floating-leaved open water vegetation developed. Large water level fluctuations occurred in one of the ponds. Accumulation of organic deposits ceased during the mid-Allerød. Indirect evidence for human occupation during the Allerød (GI-1c) was found in indications of burning of the reed-swamps in combination with the presence of large herbivores. Final Palaeolithic people probably used the northern side of the cover sand ridge as hunting area, while they settled their temporary (base) camps on the steep southern side along the extensive and deeper Moervaart lake.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Johan Hoorne and Pieter Laloo (Ghent University) for sampling the Rieme deposits in the field. Martin Konert and Martine Hagen (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) are thanked for laboratory procedures and Mark Van Strydonck and Mathieu Boudin (Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Brussels) for careful preparing the 14C samples and sending them to the AMS laboratory in Kiel. Furthermore, Wim Hoek, Nelleke van Asch (both at Utrecht University), Machteld Bats, Mona Court-Picon and Vanessa Gelorini (Ghent University) are thanked for stimulating discussions. Machteld Bats is also thanked for the construction of Fig. 1. The study was funded by the Harbour Company in Ghent, Belgium. We would like to thank Els Bonte from the Harbour Company for granting this project to Ghent University and ADC ArcheoProjecten as well as for all her support.

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  1. ADC ArcheoProjecten, Nijverheidsweg-Noord 114, 3812 PN, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

    Johanna A. A. Bos & Frederike Verbruggen

  2. Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Stefan Engels

  3. Department of Archaeology, Research Unit Pre- and Protohistory, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Philippe Crombé

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  1. Johanna A. A. Bos
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Correspondence to Johanna A. A. Bos.

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Communicated by K.-E. Behre.

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Bos, J.A.A., Verbruggen, F., Engels, S. et al. The influence of environmental changes on local and regional vegetation patterns at Rieme (NW Belgium): implications for Final Palaeolithic habitation. Veget Hist Archaeobot 22, 17–38 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-012-0356-0

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