Abstract
Calcareous nannofossils originated in the Triassic, radiated in the Jurassic and became a dominant component of the marine biosphere from the earliest Jurassic onward. They can be considered as one of the most important “innovations” of the Mesozoic oceans. Their basic morphology allows the differentiation of three different groups: coccoliths, nannoliths and calcispheres (= calcareous dinocysts). Only coccoliths and nannoliths are discussed in this article in some detail. Coccoliths and nannoliths have contributed greatly in the Interpretation of Mesozoic marine Systems through biostratigraphy and palaeoecology/palaeoceanography. Ever since the late 1960s both coccoliths and nannoliths have proven to be useful and reliable zonal markers for biostratigraphic schemes, allowing detailed zonations for the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Though affected by palaeobiogeographic provincialism, coccoliths and nannoliths have supplied many cosmopolitan biostratigraphic markers. These allow a global correlation of marine sedimentary units both from onshore sections in the classical European and North American areas and pelagic sequences recovered in the course of the DSDP/ODP drilling from the world’s oceans. Thus research on calcareous nannofossils Covers both, regional and global aspects. Research in the last 15 years concentrated on palaeoecological aspects. Apart from dinoflagellates, coccolithophores were the most important primary producers in Mesozoic oceans. As such they heavily relied on autecological factors such as light, nutrients and temperature. Variations in the assemblage composition of these groups may thus be viewed as a key for understanding palaeoecological, palaeoceanographic and palaeoclimatic changes of the past.
Kurzfassung
Kalkige Nannofossilien sind in der Trias entstanden, erlebten eine Radiation im Jura und sind seit dem Ober-Jura eine dominante Organismengruppe der marinen Biosphäre. Bei dieser Phytoplanktongruppe handelt es sich um eine der wichtigsten biologischen Neuerungen in den mesozoischen Ozeanen. Die Grundmorphologie erlaubt eine Unterscheidung von drei Gruppen: Coccolithen, Nannolithen und Calcisphären (= kalkige Dinoflagellatenzysten). Im vorliegenden Artikel werden nur die Coccolithen und die Nannolithen eingehender behandelt. Für zwei Bereiche haben Coccolithen und Nannolithen wichtige Informationen geliefert, die zu einer Neudeutung mesozoischer mariner Systeme geführt haben: 1. Biostratigraphie, 2. Paläoökologie/Paläoozeanographie. Seit der zweiten Hälfte der 60-er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts haben sich sowohl Coccolithen als auch Nannolithen als wichtige und nützliche Zonenleitfossilien für biostratigraphische Gliederungen erwiesen. Diese ermöglichen eine detaillierte Zonengliederung des Jura und der Kreide. Obwohl für Coccolithen und Nannolithen biogeographischer Provinzialismus bekannt ist, haben beide Gruppen viele kosmopolitische Leitformen geliefert. Mit Hilfe dieser Leitformen ist eine globale Korrelation mariner Sedimentabfolgen der klassischen On-shore Profile Europas und Nord Amerikas mit den pelagischen Abfolgen möglich, die im Rahmen des DSDP/ODP Programmes erbohrt wurden. Forschungsaktivitäten im Bereich des kalkigen Nannoplankton decken somit sowohl regionale als auch globale Aspekte ab. Die Forschung der letzten 15 Jahren fokussiert sich auf die Rolle dieser Gruppe als wichtige Primärproduzenten in den mesozoischen Ozeanen; neben Dinoflagellaten waren die Coccolithen die wichtigsten Primärproduzenten. Damit ist eine klare Abhängigkeit von autökologischen Faktoren wie Licht, Nährstoffen und Temperatur gegeben. Variationen in den Florenvergesellschaftungen sind somit ein wesentlicher Schlüssel zum Verständnis von paläoökologischen, paläoozeanographischen und paläoklimatischen Veränderungen der Vergangenheit.
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Mutterlose, J., Bornemann, A. & Herrle, J.O. Mesozoic calcareous nannofossils — state of the art. Paläontol Z 79, 113–133 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03021757
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03021757
Keywords
- calcareous nannofossils
- coccoliths
- nannoliths
- Jurassic
- Cretaceous
- evolution
- stratigraphy
- palaeoecology
- palaeoceanography