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Quadratic lagrangians and general relativity

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Il Nuovo Cimento Series 10

Summary

Quadratic invariants of the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor and its contractions in a four-dimensional Riemann space are used as the Lagrangians in three variational principles. The field equations are derived by treating the metric tensor and the arbitrary symmetric affine connection as independent variables (following the method of Palatini), and specializing to the Christoffel connection after the variation. It is shown that the field equations derived from two of these variational principles in this way have as a class of solutions all solutions of Einstein’s equations with cosmological term, whilst all three sets of field equations are satisfied by the Schwarzschild metric and have vanishing divergence. This suggests alternative forms of the field equations for gravitation, quadratic in the Riemann-Christoffel tensor and with zero trace, which give the same results for the three «crucial tests» of general relativity as Einstein’s equationsR ik =0.

Riassunto

Come lagrangiani, in tre principi variazionali si usano gli invarianti quadratici del tensore di curvatura di Riemann-Christoffel e le sue contrazioni in uno spazio riemanniamo quadridimensionale. Si ottengono le equazioni del campo trattando il tensore metrico e la connessione affine arbitraria come variabili indipendenti (secondo il metodo di Palatini) passando, dopo la variazione, alla connessione di Christoffel. Si dimostra che le equazioni del campo derivate in tal modo da due di questi principi variazionali hanno come classe di soluzioni tutte le soluzioni delle equazioni di Einstein contenenti un termine cosmologico, mentre i tre sistemi di equazioni del campo sono soddisfatti dalla metrica di Schwarzschild e hanno divergenza evanescente. Ciò suggerisce forme alternative delle equazioni del campo gravitazionale, quadratiche nel tensore di Riemann-Christoffel e con traccia zero, che danno per le tre «prove cruciali» della relatività generale gli stessi risultati delle equazioni di EinsteinR ik =0.

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Stephenson, G. Quadratic lagrangians and general relativity. Nuovo Cim 9, 263–269 (1958). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02724929

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