Summary
Polymerization of alkannin, shikonin, and their derivatives, potent pharmaceutical substances, crucially affects their use in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and as food colorants, because it leads to loss of their antimicrobial activity, reduction of the lustre of their red coloration, and a decrease in their solubility.
In this study size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) has been used for the first time for qualitative and quantitative analysis of monomeric and polymeric hydroxynaphthoquinone alkannin and shikonin derivatives. The purity and degree of polymerization has been determined to evaluate severalAlkanna tinctoria root samples from different geographical sources, and commercial samples of alkannin and shikonin, as pharmaceutical raw materials. Conditions for extraction of hydroxynaphthoquinones fromAlkanna tinctoria roots with olive oil were optimized in terms of polimerization, aiming to improve the biological activity of the final pharmaceutical product, Helixderm.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Papageorgiou, V.P.,Planta Medica 1980,38, 193–203.
Papageorgiou, V.P.; Assimopoulou, A.N.; Couladouros, E.A.; Hepworth, D.; Nicolaou, K.C.Angew. Chem. Int. Edition 1999,38, 270–300 and references cited therein.
Papageorgiou, V.P. DE-B 2829744,1979 [Chem. Abs. 1979,91, 181441s].
Papageorgiou, V.P. DE-B 2700448,1978, US-A 4282250,1981 [Chem. Abs. 1978,89, 152707m].
Clinical trial, undertaken at Heidelberg Dermatological Clinic, Hamburg, by Prof. A. Winkler.
Cheng, H.W.; Chen, F.A.; Hsu, H.C.; Chen, C.Y.,Int. J. Pharm. 1995,120, 137–144.
Chen, F.A.; Cheng, H.W.; Wu, A.B.; Hsu, H.C.; Chen, C.Y.,Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1996,44, 249–251.
Cho, M.-H.; Paik, Y.-S.; Hahn, T.-R.,J. Agric. Food. Chem. 1999,47, 4117–4120.
Papageorgiou, V. P.D.Sc. Thesis, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki1976.
Toribara, T.Y.; Underwood, A.L.,Anal. Chem. 1949,21, 1352–1356.
Thomson, R.H.Ann. Proc. Phyt. Soc. of Europe 1985,25, 295–300.
Mallavadhani, U.V.; Panda, A.K.; Rao, Y.R.Phytochemistry 1998,49, 901–951.
Van Der Vijver, L.M.; Gerritsma, K.W.J. Chromatogr. 1975,114, 443–450.
Meselhy, M.R.; Kadota, S.; Tsubono, K.; Hattori, M.; Namba, T.,Tetrahedron 1994,50, 3081–3098; Meselhy, M.R.; Kadota, S.; Tsubono, K.; Kusai, A. Hattori, M.; Namba, T.Tetrahedron Lett. 1994,35, 583–586.
Papageorgiou, V.P.; Tsarbopoulos, A.; Mellidis, A.S.; Assimopoulou, A.N.,J. Mass Spectrom. 1998,33, 89–91.
Papageorgiou, V.P.; Winkler, A.; Sagredos, A.N.; Digenis, G.A.,Planta Medica 1979,35, 56–60.
Leung, A.Y.; Foster, S.,Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients used in Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics, 2nd edn, J. Wiley and Sons, New York,1996.
Khan, M.R.; Timi, D.,Fitoterapia 1999,70, 194–196.
McNaught, A.D.; Wilkinson, A.IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Technology, 2nd edn, Blackwell Science,1997.
Mori, S.; Barth, H.,Size-exclusion chromatography, Springer, Berlin,1999.
Papageorgiou, V.P.,Chem. Chron. 1978,7, 45–54.
Papageorgiou, V.P.; Digenis, G.A.,Planta Medica 1980,39, 81–84.
Assimopoulou, A.N.; Papageorgiou, V.P.; Kiparissides, C.J. Controlled Release, submitted for publication.
Papageorgiou, V.P.; Assimopoulou, A.N.New J. Chem., submitted for publication.
Yoshizaki, F.; Hisamichi, S.Tohoku Yakka Daigaku Kenkyu Nempo 1983, 61–64.
Papageorgiou, V.P.; Assimopoulou, A.N., in preparation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Papageorgiou, V.P., Assimopoulou, A.N. & Kyriacou, G. Determination of naturally occurring hydroxynaphthoquinone polymers by size-exclusion chromatography. Chromatographia 55, 423–430 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02492271
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02492271