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The early Toarcian and Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic events in Europe: comparisons and contrasts

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Abstract

Two intervals of Mesozoic time are demonstrably of sufficient geological brevity to qualify readily for the term ‘Anoxic Event’: the earlyfalciferum Zone orexaratum Subzone of the Toarcian and theWhiteinella archaeocretacea Interval Zone that straddles the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Both periods of time saw regional deposition of anomalously organic-rich strata (black shales) accompanied by a positive 2‰ PDB carbon-isotope excursion in coeval biogenic carbonates, and significant faunal change. The duration of both events was probably less than half a million years, and both were preceded by regional erosion and possible upwelling. Coincident sea-level rise and transgression is likely. A »European view« of these events, however, spotlights some significant differences. Whereas thefalciferum-Zone organic matter is generally more concentrated and more hydrogen-rich on the palaeo-European shelf than on the Tethyan continental margins, the reverse holds true for the black shales formed during theWhiteinella archaeocretacea Interval Zone. Furthermore, the carbon-isotope composition offalciferum-Zone organic matter from both north European and Tethyan sites is anomalously negative compared to that developed in theWhiteinella archaeocretacea Interval Zone. Differing planktonic organisms may have been involved and their possible diverse ecological requirements may go some way to explaining the nature and distribution of facies deposited during these two events.

Zusammenfassung

Zwei mesozoische Abschnitte rechtfertigen die Verwendung des Begriffes »Anoxic Event«: die frühefalciferum-Zone oderexaratum-Zone des Toarcian und dieWhiteinella archaeocretacea Interval-Zone, die die Grenze Cenoman-Turon überquert. In beiden Zeitabschnitten bildeten sich regional Sedimente mit anomalem Reichtum an organischer Substanz (Schwarzschiefer), die von einem positiven über 2‰ PDB hinausgehenden Ausschlag bei den Kohlenstoffisotopen in gleichalten biogenen Karbonaten begleitet werden. Die Dauer der beiden Ereignisse betrug wahrscheinlich weniger als eine halbe Million Jahre und beiden ging eine Phase regionaler Erosion und möglicherweise des »Aufquellenden Tiefenwassers« voraus. Gleichzeitiger Anstieg des Meerespiegels mit Transgression ist wahrscheinlich. Die europäische Sicht dieser Ereignisse bedeutet einige signifikante Unterschiede. Diefalciferum-Zone besitzt auf dem palaeo-europäischen Shelf generell eine höhere Konzentration des organischen Materials und der Kohlenwasserstoffe als auf den Kontinentalrändern der Tethys. Das Gegenteil ist der Fall in den Schwarzschiefern, die sich während derWhiteinella archaeocretacea Interval-Zone gebildet haben. Außerdem ist die Zusammensetzung der Kohlenstoffisotopen des organischen Materials derfalciferum-Zone sowohl von Nordeuropa als auch von der Tethys unnormal negativ verglichen mit derWhiteinella archaeocretacea Interval-Zone. Die Beteiligung unterschiedlicher planktonischer Organismen und möglicherweise abweichende ökologische Bedingungen können für die Faziesverteilung während dieser zwei Ereignisse verantwortlich gemacht werden.

Résumé

Deux intervalles de l'ère mésozoĩque sont assez brefs pour être qualifiés d'événements anoxiques: la Zoneà falciferum (souszone àexaratum) du Toarcien et la Zone àWhiteinella archaeocretacea à la limite Cénomanien-Turonien. Chacun de ces deux intervalles correspond à un dépôt régional de couches anormalement riches en matières organiques (black shales), accompagné, dans des carbonates biogénétiques de même âge, d'une anomalie positive de plus de 2‰ PDB des isotopes du carbone. Les deux événements ont probablement été précédés par une phase d'érosion ou de condensation sédimentaire et de remontée d'eaux profondes («upwelling»). Leur durée, qui correspondait probablement à une période d'élévation du niveau des mers et de transgression, a été inférieure à 500.000 ans.

A l'échelle européenne, les deux événements anoxiques se distinguent: la matière organique de la Zone àfalciferum est plus concentrée et plus riche en hydrogène sur la plateforme mésozoĩque nord-européenne que sur la marge téthysienne, tandis que la Zone àWhiteinella archaecocretacea montre une dispostion inverse. De plus, la composition isotopique du C dans la matière organique de la Zone àfalciferum est plus négative que celle de la Zone àWhiteinella archaeocretacea tant dans les régions nord-européennes que téthysienne. Il est possible qu'il s'agisse d'espèces différentes d'organismes planctoniques, leurs milieux écologiques différents pouvant expliquer la nature et la distribution des faciès typiques déposés pendant les deux épisodes.

Краткое содержание

Термин “Аnохс Event” (бески слородная среда) можн о применить к двум отде лам мезозоя: к ранней з оне фальциферов, или эксз арации тоарского яру са, и к зоне интервала Whiteinella archaeocretacea, пе ресекающей границу сеномана/тур она. В течение этих отрезков времени про исходило региональн ое отложение богатых органически ми веществами седиме нтов (черные сланцы), которо е сопровождалось положительным (по PDB бол ее 2‰) значением для соотношения изотопо в углерода в биогенны х карбонатах того же возраста. Это с обытие произошло примерно за период ме нее полумиллиона лет, и обоим событиям предш ествовала фаза регио нальной эрозии и, возможно, апв еллиг — восходящее течение глубоководн ых вод. Возможно, однов ременно имело место повышени е уровня моря и его позднейшая трансгре ссия. Значения этих со бытий для Европы не одинако во. Зона фальциферов о бладала в регионе древнего ев ропейского шельфа в общем более высокой к онцентрацией органи ческого материала и, следоват ельно, углеводородов, чем регионы материковог о края Тетиса, в то врем я, как при отложении черных сланцев, образовавши хся в зоне интервала, госпо дствовали совершенн о обратные условия. Кроме того, со став изотопов углеро да в органическом матер иале фальциферовой з оны, как на севере Европы, так и в районе Тетиса характеризовался по отношению к таково му зоны интервала иск лючительно отрицательными знач ениями. Возможно, что за такое распреде ления фация ответств енны различия планктона, а, может быть, и различия экологических услов ий его обитания.

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  1. H. C. Jenkyns

    Present address: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PR, Oxford, UK

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    Jenkyns, H.C. The early Toarcian and Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic events in Europe: comparisons and contrasts. Geol Rundsch 74, 505–518 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01821208

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