Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Culture contact, continuity, and change on the Gold Coast, AD 1400–1900

  • Published:
African Archaeological Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article briefly examines the consequences of the European presence on the Gold Coast, focusing on archaeological, ethnographic, and historical data from the African settlement of Elmina, Ghana. Documentary sources indicate that there was extensive change in sociopolitical institutions, economic relations, and other aspects of Gold Coast society in the centuries following the advent of European trade in the late fifteenth century. Archaeological survey and excavation of some 30 structures at Elmina similarly indicates a great deal of change in construction technology and material culture during the post-European contact period. However, examination of artefact patterning and associations indicates that in certain respects there was little change in terms of people's shared world view and belief systems. This picture can be contrasted with data from sites in other areas which may have experienced a great deal of culture change during the post-European contact period.

Résumé

Cet article examine brièvement les conséquences de la présence européenne sur la Côte de l'Or, se penchant plus particulièrement sur les données archéologiques, ethnographiques et historiques du site d'Elmina au Ghana. Les sources documentaries indiquent qu'un changement de grande envergure affectant les institutions socio-politiques, les relations économiques et d'autres aspects de la société de la Côte de l'Or pris place durant les siècles suivant l'arrivée du commerce européen à la fin du quinzième siècle. Un survey archéologique et les fouilles d'environ 30 structures à Elmina, indiquent aussi qu'un changement étendu des techniques de construction et de la culture matérielle s'effectue après la période de contact européen. Toutefois, l'étude de la distribution et des associations des objets, indique que le système de croyance et l'idée du monde partagée par cette société furent peu affectés.

Cette image peut être comparée avec les données obtenues sur d'autres sites ayant fait l'expérience d'un changement culturel important pendant la période postérieure aux contacts européens.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agorsah, E. K. 1983a. Social behavior and spatial context.African Study Monographs 3:119–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agorsah, E. K. 1983b.An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Settlement and Behavior Patterns of a West African Traditional Society: the Nchumuru of Banda-Wiae in Ghana. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agorsah, E. K. 1986. House forms in northern Volta Basin, Ghana: evolution, internal spatial organization and the social relationships depicted.W.A.J.A. 16:25–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, J. C. and Seidman, S. 1990.Culture and Society: contemporary debates. London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arhin, K. 1966. Diffuse authority among the coastal Fanti.Ghana Notes and Queries 9:66–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baesjou, R. 1979.An Asante Embassy on the Gold Coast (African Social Research Documents 11). Cambridge: African Studies Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballong-Wen-Mewuda, J. B. 1984.São Jorge da Mina (Elmina) et son contexte socio-historique pendant l'occupation portugaise (1482–1637). Thèse de Doctorat, Université de Paris.

  • Barbot, J. 1732.A Description of the Coasts of North and South Guinea. London.

  • Barnett, H. G.et al. 1954. Acculturation: an exploratory formulation.American Anthropologist 56:973–1002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bascom, W. R. and Herskovits, M. J. (eds.) 1962.Continuity and Change in African Cultures. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beals, A. R. 1967.Culture in Process. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bean, R. 1974. A note on the relative importance of slaves and gold in West African exports.J.A.H. 15:351–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaudry, M. C. (ed.) 1988.Documentary Archaeology in the New World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, N. and Hyland, A. D. C. 1978.Elmina: a conservation study (Occasional Report 17). Kumasi, Ghana: Faculty of Architecture, University of Science and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bee, R. L. 1974.Patterns and Process. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellis, J. O. 1972.Archaeology and the Culture History of the Akan of Ghana. Ph.D. thesis, Indiana University.

  • Bellis, J. O. 1987. A late archaeological horizon in Ghana: proto-Akan or pre-Akan?Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 65(1):36–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, N. R. and Brooks, G. E. 1965.New England Merchants in Africa (African Studies 7). Boston: Boston University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berns, M. 1990. Pots as people: Yungur ancestral portraits.African Arts 23(3):50–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake, J. W. 1967.Europeans in West Africa, 1450–1560. Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake, J. W. 1977.West Africa: quest for God and Gold 1454–1578. London: Curzon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosman, W. 1705.A New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea. London. (Page references to 1967 edition with an introduction by J. R. Willis. London: Frank Cass.)

  • Boxer, C. R. 1972.Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415–1825. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, G. and Hogenberg, F. 1574.Civitates Orbis Terrarum: beschreibung und contrafactur der vornembster stat der welt, Vol. 1.

  • Brukum, N. J. K. 1985.Afro-European Relations on the Gold Coast, 1791–1844. M.A. thesis, University of Ghana, Legon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brun, S. 1624. Samuel Brun's voyages of 1611–20. Basle. (Page references to 1983 edition, translated and annotated by A. Jones, inGerman Sources for West African History (Studien zur Kulturkunde 64), pp. 44–96. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvocoressi, D. 1977. Excavations at Bantama, near Elmina, Ghana.W.A.J.A. 7:117–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, J. B. 1954.Double Descent Among the Fanti. New Haven: Human Relation Area Files.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chukwukere, I. 1980. Perspectives on theasafo institution in southern Ghana.Journal of African Studies 7(1):39–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, H. M. and Ross, D. H. 1977.The Arts of Ghana. Los Angeles: Museum of Cultural History, University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortesão, A. and Teixeira da Mota, A. 1960.Portugaliae Monumenta Cartographica. Lisbon: Comemoraçoes do V Centenario da Morte do Infante d. Henrique.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, A. W. 1986.Ecological Imperialism: the biological expansion of Europe 900–1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtin, P. D. 1986.Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daaku, K. Y. 1970.Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast 1600–1720. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daaku, K. Y. and Van Dantzig, A. 1966. Map of the regions of the Gold Coast in Guinea.Ghana Notes and Queries 9:14–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalby, D. and Hair, P. E. H. 1968. A further note on the Mina vocabulary of 1479–80.Journal of West African Languages 5(2):129–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Datta, A. K. and Porter, R. 1971. Theasafo system in historical perspective.J.A.H. 29:279–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • David, N., Sterner, J. and Gavua, K. 1988. Why pots are decorated.C.A. 29:365–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, O. 1955.A Corpus of Eighteenth-Century Ashanti Pottery. Legion, Ghana: Department of Archaeology (Manuscript).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, O. 1956.Excavations at Sekondi, Ghana in 1954 and 1956. Legon, Ghana: Department of Archaeology (Manuscript).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, O. 1961. Native culture in the Gold Coast at the time of the Portuguese discoveries.Congresso International de Historia dos Descobrimentos 3:97–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, O. 1976. Field Notes: Ghana part 4, Southern Ghana. Legon: Department of Archaeology (Mimeograph).

    Google Scholar 

  • De Bry, J. T. and Israel, J. 1603.Warhafftige Historische Beschreibung Dess Gewaltigen Goltreichen Konigreichs Guinea. Frankfurt am Main.

  • De Bry, J. T. and Israel, J. 1604.Indiae Orientalis Pars VI. Veram et Historicam Descriptionem Auriferi Regni Guineae ... Continens. Frankfurt am Main.

  • DeCorse, C. R. 1987. Historical archaeological research in Ghana, 1986–1987.N.A. 29:27–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeCorse, C. R. 1989. Material aspects of Limba, Yalunka and Kuranko ethnicity: archaeological research in northeastern Sierra Leone.In Archaeological Approaches to Cultural Identity (ed. S. J. Shennan): pp. 125–40.

  • DeCorse, C. R. 1991. West African archaeology and the Atlantic slave trade.Slavery and Abolition 12(2):92–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deetz, J. 1977.In Small Things Forgotten: the archaeology of early American life. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Marees, P. 1602.Description and Historical Account of the Gold Kingdom of Guinea. Amsterdam. (Page references to 1987 edition, translated and annotated by A. Jones and A. Van Dantzig. Oxford: Oxford University Press.)

    Google Scholar 

  • de Marree, J. A. 1817.Reizen Op En Beschrijving Van de Goudkust Van Guinea. The Hague.

  • de Oliveira Marques, A. H. 1972.History of Portugal, volume I: from Lusitania to empire. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dike, K. O. 1966.Trade and Politics on the Niger Delta, 1830–1885. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolphyne, F. A. and Kropp Dakubu, M. E. 1988. The Volta-Comoe languages. InThe Languages of Ghana (ed. M. E. Kropp Dakubu): pp. 51–90. London: Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evers, M. 1989.The Recognition of Groups in the Iron Age of Southern Africa. Ph.D. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand.

  • Feinberg, H. M. 1969.Elmina, Ghana: a history of its development and relationship with the Dutch in the eighteenth century. Ph.D. thesis, Boston University.

  • Feinberg, H. M. 1970a. An incident in Elmina-Dutch relations, the Gold Coast (Ghana), 1739–1740.A.H.S. 3:359–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, H. M. 1970b. Who are the Elmina.Ghana Notes and Queries 11:20–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, H. M. 1974. New data on European mortality in West Africa: the Dutch on the Gold Coast, 1719–1760.J.A.H. 15:357–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, H. M. 1989. Africans and Europeans in West Africa: Elminans and Dutchmen on the Gold Coast during the eighteenth century.Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 79(7).

  • Fitzhugh, W. W. (ed.) 1985.Cultures in Contact: the European impact on native cultural institutions in eastern North America, A.D. 1000–1800. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, R. 1975. House form and function.Family Research Papers (Institute of African Studies, Legon) 1:305–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, G. M. 1962.Traditional Cultures: and the impact of technological change. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fynn, J. 1974.Edina (Elmina). Oral Traditions of the Fante States (Institute of African Studies, Legon) 4.

  • Geertz, C. 1963.Peddlers and Princes: social development and economic change in two Indonesian towns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, C. K. 1976.The History of Education in Ghana. Accra: Ghana Publishing Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gramberg, J. S. G. 1861.Schetsen van Afrika's Westkust. Amsterdam.

  • Hair, P. E. H. 1966. A note on De La Fosse's ‘Mina’ vocabulary of 1479–80.Journal of West African Languages 3:55–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair, P. E. H. 1967. Ethnolinguistic continuity on the Guinea Coast.J.A.H. 8:247–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, M. 1979.Cultural Materialism: the struggle for a science of culture. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Headrick, D. R. 1981.The Tools of Empire: technology and imperialism in the nineteenth century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemmersam, M. 1663. Description of the Gold Coast, 1639–45. Nuremberg. (Page references to 1983 edition, translated and edited by A. Jones, inGerman Sources for West African History (Studien zur Kulturkunde 64), pp. 97–133. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Henige, D. P. 1974. Kingship in Elmina before 1869: a study in ‘feedback’ and the traditional idealization of the past.Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines 14:499–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herskovits, M. J. 1962.The Human Factor in Changing Africa. New York: Knopf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodder, I. 1986.Reading the Past: current approaches to interpretation in archaeology. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huffman, T. 1984. Expressive space in the Zimbabwe culture.Man 19:593–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huffman, T. 1986. Cognitive studies of the Iron Age in southern Africa.W.A. 18:84–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutton, W. 1821.A Voyage to Africa. London.

  • Hyland, A. D. C. 1970.Documentation and Conservation. Kumasi, Ghana: Faculty of Architecture, University of Science and Technology, Occasional Report 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kea, R. A. 1982.Settlements, Trade and Polities in the Seventeenth Century Gold Coast. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerkdijk, L. 1978.Reisjournal Van Lodewijk Kerdijk: West Africa 1857–1858. Schiedam, Netherlands: Interbook International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiyaga-Mulindwa, D. 1982. Social and demographic changes in the Birim Valley, southern Ghana,c. 1450 toc. 1800.J.A.H. 23:63–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, A. W. 1963.Trade Castles and Forts of West Africa. London: Jonathan Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauny, R. 1954. Notes historiques sur les plantes cultivées d'Afrique occidentale.B.I.F.A.N. 15(2):684–730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, M. (ed.) 1963.Cultural Patterns and Ethnicity. New York: New American Library of World Literature.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meredith, H. 1812.An Account of the Gold Coast of Africa with a Brief History of the Africa Company. London.

  • Meyerowitz, E. L. R. 1952a. Review ofSão Jorge da Mina by S. Wartemberg.Africa 22:179–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerowitz, E. L. R. 1952b.Akan Traditions of Origin. London: Faber and Faber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyerowitz, E. L. R. 1974.The Early History of the Akan States of Ghand. London: Red Candle Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miracle, M. P. 1965. The introduction and spread of maize in Africa.J.A.H. 6: 39–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miracle, M. P. 1972. The elasticity of food supply in tropical Africa during the precolonial period.Ghana Social Science Journal 2(2):1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, W. J. 1673. Description of the Fetu country, 1662–9. Hamburg. (Page references to 1983 edition, translated and annotated by A. Jones, inGerman Sources for West African History (Studien zur Kulturkunde 64), pp. 134–259. Wiesbaden: F. Steiner.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Murdock, G. P. 1959.Africa, Its People and Their Culture History. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, R. F. 1964. Social change and acculturation.Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences (Series 2) 26:845–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathan, M. 1904. The Gold Coast at the end of the seventeenth century under the Danes and Dutch.Journal of the Africa Society 13(4):1–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunoo, R. B. 1957. Excavations at Asebu in the Gold Coast.Journal of the West African Science Association (3(1):12–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozanne, P. 1962. Notes on the early historic archaeology of Accra.Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana 6:51–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozanne, P. 1963. Indigenes or Invaders?Antiquity 37:229–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ozanne, P. 1964. Notes on the later prehistory of Accra.Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 3(1):3–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira, D. P. 1967.Esmerado de Situ Orbis (ca 1505). Translated by G. H. T. Kimble. Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprints.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polanyi, K. 1966.Dahomey and the Slave Trade. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posnansky, M. and DeCorse, C. R. 1986. Historical archaeology in sub-Saharan Africa: a review.Historical Archaeology 20(1):1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Priestley, M. A. 1969.West African Trade and Coast Society. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, E. 1974.Trade and Economic Change on the Gold Coast, 1804–1874. London: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, G. A. 1819.Notes on Africa. London.

  • Rodney, W. 1969. Gold and slaves on the Gold Coast.Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana 10:13–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodney, W. 1970.A History of the Upper Guinea Coast. New York: Monthly Review Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. D. 1990.Objects of Change: the archaeology and history of Arikara contact with Europeans. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roseberry, W. 1988. Political economy.A.R.A. 17:161–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roseberry, W. 1989.Anthropologies and Histories. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, D. H. 1983. Four unusualforowa from the Museum of Cultural History. InAkan Transformations (eds. D. H. Ross and T. F. Garrard): pp. 54–9. Los Angeles: University of California, Museum of Cultural History.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahlins, M. 1985.Islands of History. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schiffer, M. B. 1987.Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuyler, R. 1980.Archaeological Perspectives on Ethnicity in America. New York: Baywood Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, T. 1961.Excavation at Dawu. New York: Nelson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, R. A. 1983. Akankuduo: form and function. InAkan Transformations (eds. D. H. Ross and T. F. Garrard): pp. 10–29. Los Angeles: University of California, Museum of Cultural History.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skocpol, T. 1979.States and Social Revolutions: a comparative analysis of France, Russia, and China. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, W. 1744.A New Voyage to Guinea. London.

  • South, S. 1977.Method and Theory in Historical Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spicer, E. H. 1968. Acculturation. InInternational Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (ed. D. L. Sills): pp. 21–7. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Super, J. C. 1988.Food, Conquest, and Colonization in Sixteenth Century Spanish America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, I. B. 1981. The Volta River salt trade: the survival of an indigenous industry.J.A.H. 22:43–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teixeira da Mota, A. and Hair, P. E. H. 1988. East of Mina: Afro-European relations on the Gold Coast in the 1550s and 1560s (Studies in African Sources 3). Madison: University of Wisconsin, African Studies Program.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, T. 1758.An Account of Two Missionary Voyages. London. (Page references to 1937 facsimile edition. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.)

  • Van Dantzig, A. 1975. English Bosman and Dutch Bosman: a comparison of texts, I.History in Africa 2:185–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dantzig, A. 1975. English Bosman and Dutch Bosman: a comparison of texts, II.History in Africa 3:92–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dantzig, A. 1978.The Dutch and the Guinea Coast 1674–1742: a collection of documents from the General State Archives, The Hague. Accra: Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dantzig, A. 1980.Forts and Castles of Ghana. Accra: Sedco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dantzig, A. 1982. Effects of the Atlantic slave trade on some West African societies. InForced Migration (ed. J. E. Inikori): pp. 187–201. New York: Africana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vayda, A. P. (ed.) 1969.Environment and Cultural Behavior. Garden City, N.Y.: Natural History Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, J. 1973. The early São Tome-Príncipe slave trade with Mina, 1500–1540.I.J.A.H.S. 6:453–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, J. 1974. Private trade and slave sales at São Jorge da Mina: a fifteenth century document.Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana 15(1):103–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, J. 1979.Portuguese Rule on the Gold Coast 1469–1682. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, A. F. C. 1970.Culture and Personality. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, A. F. C. 1980. Review ofCultural Materialism by M. Harris.American Anthropologist 83(2):423–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallerstein, I. 1980.The Modern World System. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallterstein, I. 1986.Africa and the Modern World. Trenton: Africa World Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wartemberg, J. S. 1951.São Jorge d' El Mina, Premier West African European Settlement: its traditions and customs. Ilfracombe: Stockwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitley, D. S. 1989. Prehistory and post-positivist science: a proglogomenon to cognitive archaeology. Manuscript.

  • Wilks, I. 1962. A medieval trade-route from the Niger to the Gulf of Guinea.J.A.H. 3:337–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, E. R. 1982.Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarak, L. 1986. Elmina and greater Asante in the ninteenth century.Africa 56:33–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarak, L. 1989. West African coastal slavery in the nineteenth century: the case of the Afro-European slaveowners of Elmina.Ethnohistory 36(1):44–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarak, L. 1990.Asante and the Dutch, 1744–1873. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yentsch, A. and Beaudry, M. C. 1992.The Art and Mystery of Historical Archaeology: essays in honor of James Deetz. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Christopher R. Decorse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Decorse, C.R. Culture contact, continuity, and change on the Gold Coast, AD 1400–1900. Afr Archaeol Rev 10, 163–196 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01117700

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01117700

Keywords

Search

Navigation